Up-to-date progress in bioprinting of bone tissue

Abstract

The major apparatuses used for three-dimensional (3D) bioprinting include extrusion-based, droplet-based, and laser-based bioprinting. Numerous studies have been proposed to fabricate bioactive 3D bone tissues using different bioprinting techniques. In addition to the development of bioinks and assessment of their printability for corresponding bioprinting processes, in vitro and in vivo success of the bioprinted constructs, such as their mechanical properties, cell viability, differentiation capability, immune responses, and osseointegration, have been explored. In this review, several major considerations, challenges, and potential strategies for bone bioprinting have been deliberated, including bioprinting apparatus, biomaterials, structure design of vascularized bone constructs, cell source, differentiation factors, mechanical properties and reinforcement, hypoxic environment, and dynamic culture. In addition, up-to-date progress in bone bioprinting is summarized in detail, which uncovers the immense potential of bioprinting in re-establishing the 3D dynamic microenvironment of the native bone. This review aims to assist the researchers to gain insights into the reconstruction of clinically relevant bone tissues with appropriate mechanical properties and precisely regulated biological behaviors.

Development of bioactive short fiber-reinforced printable hydrogels with tunable mechanical and osteogenic properties for bone repair

“…61 These mineralized deposits are indicative of the successful maturation and mineralization of the bioprinted bone-like tissue, which is a key goal in creating functional, biomimetic bone substitutes. 62 They signify the successful mimicry of natural bone mineralization within the engineered tissue, contributing to its structural integrity and biomechanical strength. These deposits also play a role in promoting cell differentiation and tissue maturation while ensuring biocompatibility for effective tissue integration.…”

“…These deposits also play a role in promoting cell differentiation and tissue maturation while ensuring biocompatibility for effective tissue integration. 61,62 Alizarin red staining was used to compare the matrix mineralization level of MC3T3 encapsulated in three different hydrogel samples at day 14 when constructs were immersed in osteo-inductive media (Fig. 4D and E).…”

Organ bioprinting: progress, challenges and outlook

“…5 Accurate placement of cells is possible in bioprinting, which has been extensively explored in the reconstruction of several tissues (e.g., cartilage, bone, and tendons) and external organs such as skin, and has been systematically reviewed elsewhere. [6][7][8][9] In spite of the fact that it is still in its infancy, this technology can lead to the development of visceral organs, ultimately mitigating organ shortages and saving lives. In bioprinting, cell-laden bioinks can be precisely positioned to match the anatomy of natural tissues or organs with a process that can be controlled.…”

Laser-induced forward transfer based laser bioprinting in biomedical applications

“…Due to its high geometric precision, 3D printing has been widely used in various fields such as design, automotive, medical, and architecture, enabling the manufacturing of 3D structures with complex internal structures and unique external features ( Shahrubudin et al, 2019 ). In the biomedical field, 3D printing is commonly referred to as bioprinting and has been applied in areas such as tissue engineering, drug discovery, and regenerative medicine ( Yusupov et al, 2020 ; Wu et al, 2022 ).…”

“…Bioprinting is a novel research field that involves the integration of biological materials into 3D printing for rapid prototyping manufacturing ( Fu et al, 2022 ; Wu et al, 2022 ). It utilizes the technology of additive manufacturing to create intricate three-dimensional structures by depositing biological materials on a receiver base or a substrate.…”