Update on epidemiology of hepatitis <scp>B</scp> and <scp>C</scp> in <scp>C</scp>hina

Cui, Yan; Jia, Jidong

doi:10.1111/jgh.12220

Cited by 279 publications

(266 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…Importantly, 36% of the participants did not know the mother to child route, but mother-to-child transmission is the leading cause of HBV infection in China. 17 HBV stigma was greatest in the fear of contagion domain. 12 We found that fear of being infected with HBV was significantly associated with rural migrant worker HBV-related discrimination (See Table 4).…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Leng

Wangen

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Background: In China, the hepatitis B virus (HBV) is a particularly challenging public health issue, with an estimated 90 million chronic hepatitis B carriers accounting for almost 7% of the population. Healthrelated discrimination can serve as a barrier to prevention and care for infectious diseases, such as HBV, degrade the HBV sufferers' quality of life and limit HBV patients' employment opportunities. While rural migrants account for up to 40% of the total urban population in the developed cities in China, there has been no study of the discrimination behavior of rural migrant workers toward HBV carriers.Objective: This study evaluates the discrimination behavior of rural migrant workers toward HBV carriers and patients and proposes public policy recommendations to address discrimination and stigma.Methods: The sample comprised 903 rural adults, aged over 18 years old, who migrated to Beijing. Using a face-to-face interview, we surveyed rural migrants' demographic characteristics, knowledge of HBV and discrimination against HBV carriers. Descriptive statistics were used to characterize the study population, HBV stigma and knowledge of HBV. Three discrimination levels (no-mild, medium and severe discrimination) were modeled using multiple logistic regression.Results: Rural migrants to Beijing had a mean age of 36 years, were overwhelmingly married (91.58%), mostly with a junior high school or lower education (78.05%) and mainly engaged as temporary workers (42.52%) or self-employed (33.78%). Only 30.56% reported that they had been vaccinated against HBV. On the 0-10 discrimination scale, rural migrants rated 6.24, with only 4.54% displaying no sign of HBV-related discrimination. The high discrimination score occurred alongside a low mean knowledge of HBV (7.61 on the 1-22 ranking of HBV knowledge). Multiple logistic regression results suggest an inverse relationship between discrimination levels and HBV knowledge, especially knowledge about treatment and transmission routes. The "fear of being infected with HBV" and being HBV vaccinated was positively associated with HBV-related discrimination. Unemployed rural migrants were more likely to exhibit severe HBV-related discrimination than other occupational groups. Personal attributes, such as gender, age, marital status and education level were not associated with the level of discrimination.Conclusions: Knowledge of HBV, its transmission and treatment, and the fear of HBV infection were key features in understanding HBV discrimination by rural migrant workers. To reduce discrimination, HBV public health education campaigns need to focus on both knowledge about HBV and the fear of HBV infection. Such campaigns should target rural migrant subgroups, such as unemployed rural migrant workers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Leng

Wangen

et al. 2016

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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“…Mother-to-child transmission is the leading cause of HBV infection in China. 29 We suggest that informing people that a significant proportion of infection is accounted for by mother-to-child transmission. This perspective might be helpful in reducing HBV-related discrimination.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Hepatitis B-related knowledge and vaccination in association with discrimination against Hepatitis B in rural China

Wang

Zhu

et al. 2015

Human Vaccines & Immunotherapeutics

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Hepatitis B virus (HBV) remains a challenging public-health issue in China. Hepatitis B carriers and patients suffer not only physically but also experience strong discrimination and stigma. China's rural population is 629 million. Thus, there is a great need to understand the situation surrounding HBV-related discrimination in everyday life in rural China. We studied 6,538 participants (18 y old) from 42 villages across 7 provinces (districts). Many studies have addressed discrimination against those with human immunodeficiency virus (HIV) and hepatitis C virus (HCV). However, few studies have addressed HBV-related discrimination. We found that the fear of HBV infection, not lack of knowledge about it, predominantly leads to HBV-related discrimination (although limited knowledge is also a cause). Notably, receiving the HBV vaccination contributes to reduced discrimination. In addition, the existence of fewer misunderstandings about false HBV transmission routes plays a more important role in discrimination than does understanding of true HBV transmission routes. Therefore, to reduce HBV-related discrimination, policy makers should consider eliminating HBV-related fear, strengthening adult HBV immunization programs, developing large-scale education dissemination about HBV transmission routes and non-transmission routes, and paying greater attention to target populations.

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“…After 20 years, more than 200 counties had included the hepatitis B vaccine in their national infant immunization programs. These efforts resulted in a remarkable decrease in hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity in the population, especially in children and adolescents [5]. However, an epidemic survey revealed that 7.18% of the Chinese population was HBsAg positive, demonstrating that HBV infection was still a public health burden in China [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…These efforts resulted in a remarkable decrease in hepatitis B virus surface antigen (HBsAg) positivity in the population, especially in children and adolescents [5]. However, an epidemic survey revealed that 7.18% of the Chinese population was HBsAg positive, demonstrating that HBV infection was still a public health burden in China [5]. According to previous studies, the higher rates of HBV infection could be detected in some specific groups, such as patients undergoing dialysis, parenteral drug users, immunosuppressed patients, and male homosexuals [6][7][8][9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among Chinese schizophrenia patients

Zhu

Liu

Xue

et al. 2015

J Infect Dev Ctries

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Introduction: This study aimed to analyze the characteristics of HBsAg, HBsAb, coexistence of HBsAg and HBsAb, and the genotypic distribution of HBV in Chinese schizophrenia patients. Methodology: A total of 1,694 schizophrenia patients, 9-85 years of age, were recruited for the present study. HBsAg, HBsAb, and HBV DNA were detected with commercial methods. ALT, AST, γ-GT, TBIL, and IBIL were measured by an automatic biochemistry analyzer. All statistical analyses were performed with SPSS 13.0. Results: The seroprevalence of HBsAg and HBsAb in 1,649 schizophrenia patients was 11.0% and 54.6%, respectively. HBsAb seroprevalence significantly decreased with the duration of the disease (p = 0.0009). The lowest seroprevalence of HBsAg was determined in 9.4% of the patients who had had the illness for < 1 year, and then increased to 11.7%, 11.3% and 11.7% in the patients who had had the illness for 1-5 years, 6-10 years and > 10 years. HBsAg and HBsAb coexisted in 69 individuals, which comprised 4.2% of the total subjects, and in 38.1% of the HBsAg-positive patients. Additionally, HBV titers were quantified in 64 HBsAg-positive samples; the highest virus titer was 6.14×10 8 copies/mL, while 12 patients had less than 500 copies/mL. Moreover, among 48 HBV strains isolated from 62 HBsAg-positive samples, 33 and 15 strains belonged to genotypes C and B, respectively. Conclusion: Genotypes B and C HBV were the dominant genotypes distributed in schizophrenia patients, and the HBsAb seroprevalence significantly decreased with illness duration. Effective prevention strategies for against HBV transmission are required.

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Update on epidemiology of hepatitis B and C in China

Cited by 279 publications

References 32 publications

Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Hepatitis B discrimination in everyday life by rural migrant workers in Beijing

Hepatitis B-related knowledge and vaccination in association with discrimination against Hepatitis B in rural China

Seroepidemiology of hepatitis B virus infection among Chinese schizophrenia patients

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