Updating the use of nano-biosensors as promising devices for the diagnosis of coronavirus family members: A systematic review

Abstract

Coronavidae viruses, such as SARS-CoV, SARS-CoV-2, and MERS-CoV, cause severe lower respiratory tract infection, acute respiratory distress syndrome and extrapulmonary manifestations, such as diarrhea and fever, eventually leading to death. Fast, accurate, reproductible, and cost-effective SARS-CoV-2 identification can be achieved employing nano-biosensors, reinforcing conventional methodologies to avoid the spread of COVID-19 within and across communities. Nano-biosensors built using gold, silver, graphene, In 2 O 3 nanowire and iron oxide nanoparticles, Quantum Dots and carbon nanofibers have been successfully employed to detect specific virus antigens – nucleic acid sequences and/or proteins –or host antibodies produced in response to viral infection. Biorecognition counterpart molecules have been immobilized on the surface of these nanomaterials, leading to selective virus detection by optical or electrochemical transducer systems. This systematic review assessed studies on described and tested immunonsensors and genosensors designed from distinct nanomaterials available at the Pubmed, Scopus, and Science Direct databases. Twenty-three nano biosensors were found suitable for unequivocal coronavirus detection in clinical samples. Nano-biosensors coupled to RT-LAMP/RT-PCR assays can optimize RNA extraction, reduce analysis times and/or eliminate sophisticated instrumentation. Although promising for the diagnosis of Coronavidae family members, further trials in large populations must be adequately and rigorously conducted to address nano-biosensor applicability in the clinical practice for early coronavirus infection detection.

Ultrasensitive voltammetric detection of SARS-CoV-2 in clinical samples

“…Biosensors based on nanomaterials are powerful tools widely applied for screening coronaviruses in clinical samples such as: saliva, nasopharyngeal swab specimens, endotracheal sputum aspirates, and blood [32] , [33] . The colorimetry, fluorescence, surface plasmon resonance, and electrochemistry are the most popular detectors in nanobiosensors.…”

Use of Cysteamine and Glutaraldehyde Chemicals for Robust Functionalization of Substrates with Protein Biomarkers—An Overview on the Construction of Biosensors with Different Transductions

“…To date, very few studies have been reported on the clinical simultaneous multiplexed biosensing of multiple biomarkers in large (mL) or tiny (µL) [ 47 ] volumes using point-of-care conditions. Fortunately, there are several studies on the preparation of substrates for microarray protein chips with different ending functional groups [ 69 ], on the orientation and characterization of immobilized antibodies [ 70 , 71 ], on the proteins/peptides modified hydrogels [ 72 ], and on the stability of long SAM layers [ 73 ] to greatly support the next generation of point-of-care portable bio devices [ 74 ].…”

COVID severity test (CoST sensor)—An electrochemical immunosensing approach to stratify disease severity

“…Nano biosensors are promising tools for the detection of coronavirus by utilizing aptamers, genomic materials, and optical and superparamagnetic approaches. 51,52 To address these scenarios, we present our research on COVID-19 detection, severity prediction, and personalized management using a rapid biosensor prototype. These multianalysis systems could give us better insight into disease progression and severity.…”