Upgrading pond effluents: an overview

Middlebrooks, E. Joe

doi:10.2166/wst.1995.0504

Cited by 30 publications

(30 citation statements)

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“…Two other developments stand out: (a) a greatly improved understanding of WSP hydraulics and the resultant ability to design baffles rationally [25,42] -given that baffling has been shown to increase performance so dramatically, I would now consider it wrong not to baffle facultative and maturation ponds; and (b) the use of rock filters to 'polish' facultative pond effluents [43][44][45][46] -this use of rock filters is a significant advance as it means that maturation ponds are no longer always required (in contrast, rock filters are used in the USA to polish maturation pond effluents [47][48][49][50]). …”

Section: Wsp: the Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste stabilization ponds: Past, present and future

Mara

2009

Desalination and Water Treatment

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A B S T R A C TThe 'past' of waste stabilization ponds (WSP) is due to early experience and design codes in the USA and also to two pioneering researchers, Oswald and Marais. The 'present' of WSP dates from the mid-to-late 1970s and is characterized by large numbers of full-scale systems in France, Germany and the USA. Research expanded greatly in several universities around the world, and much more is now known about pathogen and nitrogen removal in WSP, design procedures, WSP hydraulics and the benefits of baffling, and facultative pond effluent polishing in aerated and unaerated rock filters. Several design manuals, books and reference works have been published. The 'future' of WSP should see many more systems, including wastewater storage and treatment reservoirs, installed in both industrialized and developing countries, with pond/reservoir effluent reuse in aquaculture and agriculture, so making a large contribution to global food production.

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Section: Wsp: the Presentmentioning

confidence: 99%

Waste stabilization ponds: Past, present and future

Mara

2009

Desalination and Water Treatment

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“…The concentration of pollutants in pond effluent is a function of the ponds number in series, geometry, hydraulic retention times (HRT), and the number of internal and external factors of ponds (6). To improve the quality of the effluent, it is recommended that processes such as coagulation and flocculation, microstrainer, supplementary ponds, and rock filters be used in the end of the ponds (7). Wetland can also be added to supplement the treatment process (8).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Baffle and fixed media effects on coliform removal and bacterial die-off rate coefficient in waste stabilization ponds (a case study in Ahvaz)

Sasani

Mehrdadi

Aminzadeh

et al. 2017

Environ Health Eng Manag

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Background: The use of waste stabilization ponds is one of the cheapest wastewater treatment processes. This study evaluated the effects of baffles and fixed media on coliform removal in facultative lagoons. Methods: In this study, the settled wastewater from four pond systems of the city of Ahvaz was used as input. Each system was composed of two ponds that were connected to each other serially. Three of them were equipped with two, three, and four baffles. Packages of fixed media were installed in the first baffled pond equal to the number of baffles. During a 12-month sampling period from March 2016 to February 2017, the capability of each system to remove coliform with different detention times was studied. Results: The control system with no baffle and no media reduced the coliform index by an average of 67% in a detention time of 6 to 12 days. Increasing the baffles and fixed media in the ponds improved the coliform removal efficiency; systems with two, three, and four baffles achieved coliform removal in the amounts of 77%, 81%, and 83%, respectively. The coliform die-off coefficients (K b ) were higher in the attached growth systems than in the control system. The coefficients were determined to be 0.21, 0.26, 0.29, and 0.31 d -1 for the second ponds of the control, two-, three-, and four-baffle systems, respectively. Conclusion: This method can be used to upgrade the existing waste stabilization pond and to design new ponds with at least two baffles in the facultative lagoons. Keywords: Waste stabilization ponds, Baffle, Fixed media, Die-off coefficient, Coliform removal Citation: Sasani H, Mehrdadi N, Aminzadehi B, Takdastan A. Baffle and fixed media effects on coliform removal and bacterial die-off rate coefficient in waste stabilization ponds (a case study in Ahvaz).

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“…Rock filters (RF) are a well-established technology for 'polishing' maturation pond effluents to provide high-quality effluents in terms of BOD and total suspended solids (TSS) (O'Brien et al, 1973;Martin and Weller, 1973;Swanson and Williamson, 1980;Middlebrooks, 1988Middlebrooks, , 1995Saidam et al, 1995;Neder et al, 2002;US EPA, 2002). However, these RF rapidly become anoxic and there is no (or very little) removal of ammonia.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The effect of aerated rock filter geometry on the rate of nitrogen removal from facultative pond effluents

Hamdan

Mara

2011

Water Science and Technology

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Rock Filters are an established technology for polishing waste stabilization pond effluents. However, they rapidly become anoxic and consequently do not remove ammonium-nitrogen. Horizontal-flow aerated rock filters (HFARF), developed to permit nitrification and hence ammonium-N removal, were compared with a novel vertical-flow aerated rock filter (VFARF). There were no differences in the removals of BOD 5 , TSS and TKN, but the VFARF consistently produced effluents with lower ammonium-N concentrations (<0.3 mg N/L) than the HFARF (0.8−1.5 mg N/L).

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Upgrading pond effluents: an overview

Cited by 30 publications

References 0 publications

Waste stabilization ponds: Past, present and future

Waste stabilization ponds: Past, present and future

Baffle and fixed media effects on coliform removal and bacterial die-off rate coefficient in waste stabilization ponds (a case study in Ahvaz)

The effect of aerated rock filter geometry on the rate of nitrogen removal from facultative pond effluents

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