Upgrading technologies and catalytic mechanisms for heteroatomic compounds from bio-oil – A review

Zhao, Chengwang; Hong, Chen; Hu, Jiashuo; Xing, Yi; Wei, Longxing; Zhang, Bo; Wang, Yijie; Li, Feng

doi:10.1016/j.fuel.2022.126388

Cited by 23 publications

(5 citation statements)

References 226 publications

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“…Bio-oil produced from pyrolysis can be utilized as a drop-in liquid fuel, a precursor for jet fuels or as a raw material for biochemicals [ 30 ]. The direct utilization of bio-oil is not convenient because of its high aqueous content, low heating value, high viscosity, acidity, corrosiveness, inferior thermal stability and presence of heteroatoms such as nitrogen, sulfur and oxygen [ 40 ]. Before its applications, crude bio-oil requires some upgrading through catalytic (e.g., hydrotreating, hydrocracking, esterification and transesterification) and non-catalytic (e.g., emulsification, solvent extraction, supercritical fluid extraction and electrochemical stabilization) processes to enhance its thermal stability, physicochemical and fuel properties with the exclusion of heteroatoms and oxygenated compounds [ 41 ].…”

Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels

et al. 2023

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Due to its resistance to natural degradation and decomposition, plastic debris perseveres in the environment for centuries. As a lucrative material for packing industries and consumer products, plastics have become one of the major components of municipal solid waste today. The recycling of plastics is becoming difficult due to a lack of resource recovery facilities and a lack of efficient technologies to separate plastics from mixed solid waste streams. This has made oceans the hotspot for the dispersion and accumulation of plastic residues beyond landfills. This article reviews the sources, geographical occurrence, characteristics and recyclability of different types of plastic waste. This article presents a comprehensive summary of promising thermochemical technologies, such as pyrolysis, liquefaction and gasification, for the conversion of single-use plastic wastes to clean fuels. The operating principles, drivers and barriers for plastic-to-fuel technologies via pyrolysis (non-catalytic, catalytic, microwave and plasma), as well as liquefaction and gasification, are thoroughly discussed. Thermochemical co-processing of plastics with other organic waste biomass to produce high-quality fuel and energy products is also elaborated upon. Through this state-of-the-art review, it is suggested that, by investing in the research and development of thermochemical recycling technologies, one of the most pragmatic issues today, i.e., plastics waste management, can be sustainably addressed with a greater worldwide impact.

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Section: Pyrolysismentioning

confidence: 99%

Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels

et al. 2023

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“…Unfortunately, extracted crude oil is becoming increasingly heavier after exhaustive exploitation in the past century. It is estimated that approximately 70% of the total existing fossil oil is a type of heavy oil (density >0.92 g mL –1 and °API < 22.3 at 15.6 °C). , Besides, the renewable biodiesel generated from biomass can also be categorized as heavy oil. − Therefore, it is imperative to upgrade heavy oil to produce light oil.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Metal Hydroxide-Catalyzed Heavy Oil Upgrading in Supercritical Water: Deuterium Tracing Study

Chen,

et al. 2024

Energy Fuels

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Conversion of heavy oil is urgent as most of the explored fossil oil reserves and renewable raw biodiesel can be categorized as heavy oil. Supercritical water upgrading (SCWU) is a green and promising technology for heavy oil conversion, but the hydrogen-donating capacity of pure water is inadequate. This study adopts transition-metal hydroxide (M−OH) to enhance the in situ hydrogen-donating capacity of water for the first time. Both M− OH and the corresponding metal oxide nanoparticle (MO n ) of one post-transition metal (Al) and five transition metals (Cr, Cu, Fe, Ni, Zn) are tested. The SCWU conditions are selected as 425 °C, 60 min, water-to-oil ratio of 4:1, catalyst-to-oil ratio of 1:10, and water density of 308 kg m −3 . Deuterium oxide (D 2 O) instead of H 2 O is used as the reaction medium for a deuterium tracing study. Results indicate that the different metal-based MO n nanoparticles display various effects on heavy hydrocarbon cracking, gasification, coke suppression, and D addition reactions. The overall performance is found to be on the order of NiO > Cr 2 O 3 > Fe 2 O 3 > CuO > Al 2 O 3 > ZnO. Compared to MO n , M−OH can generally improve the oil yield and H/C ratio and reduce the coke yield simultaneously. The mechanism analysis suggests that the M−OH decomposition behavior under hydrothermal conditions is the primary cause by which MO n and lattice H 2 O are generated in the oil-rich phase. The lattice H 2 O can not only take part in SCWU reactions but also suppress coke formation. In conclusion, M−OH is a promising catalyst as it combines the good dispersibility and catalytic activity of MO n nanoparticles and the low cost of water-soluble inorganic metal salts (M-IAc) but does not result in any corrosive species, such as inorganic acid from M-IAc.

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“… 13 The development of efficient hydrogenation catalysts to promote the process is considered to be a key factor. 14 Noble and transition metals are most commonly used for upgrading pyrolysis oils, 15 but there is no literature that reports the changes occurring due to the process of upgrading pyrolysis oil. In this study, hydrotreatment of the pyrolysis oil derived from pilot-plant studies on polyethylene was conducted in a batch reactor using a 1 wt % Pt/Al 2 O 3 catalyst.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of Polyethylene Pyrolysis Oil Hydrotreatment on the Pt/Al₂O₃ Catalyst: Experimental Characterization

Adamou,

Harkou,

Bumajdad

et al. 2024

ACS Omega

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The dramatic increase in plastics production, coupled with a low recycling and recovery rate, has been a major challenge for sustainable practices and combating climate change. Hydrotreatment processing to upgrade fuel oils is a well-known process in the petroleum industry. In this work, we aim to investigate the catalyst properties before and after the hydrotreatment of pyrolysis oil derived from plastics, namely, linear low-density polyethylene, as no such report is available in the literature. Granular and powder forms of the Pt/Al2O3 catalyst were used in this study with characterization methods executed as such: transmission electron microscopy, X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy (XPS), X-ray diffraction (XRD), thermogravimetric analysis (TGA), and IR-RIS. XRD data show that the crystallinity of the catalyst support was unaffected by the hydrotreatment without any residues left, as the characteristic diffraction peaks were indicated for the crystalline phase of the support as 37.4, 39.8, 46.3, and 67.3°. In addition, the TGA experiments revealed that the carbon deposition on the spent catalyst was higher, as indicated by the higher weight loss (15.359%) compared to the fresh catalyst sample (11.43%). XPS analysis showed that the carbon deposition is more intense on the granular spent catalyst, as the intensity of the peaks is some 15 times greater than the peaks from the fresh catalyst. Also, compared to the observed peaks of the powder catalyst, less coke is formed. The band at 1624.05 cm–1 from the IR-RIS spectra was attributed to a shifted CO band from the coke formation. The extension of these investigations using different catalysts to improve their characteristics and performance and to inhibit coke deposition will contribute to the incorporation of such processes in industry as well as the cost of fuels.

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Upgrading technologies and catalytic mechanisms for heteroatomic compounds from bio-oil – A review

Cited by 23 publications

References 226 publications

Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels

Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels

Metal Hydroxide-Catalyzed Heavy Oil Upgrading in Supercritical Water: Deuterium Tracing Study

Effect of Polyethylene Pyrolysis Oil Hydrotreatment on the Pt/Al₂O₃ Catalyst: Experimental Characterization

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Upgrading technologies and catalytic mechanisms for heteroatomic compounds from bio-oil – A review

Cited by 23 publications

References 226 publications

Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels

Perspectives on Thermochemical Recycling of End-of-Life Plastic Wastes to Alternative Fuels

Metal Hydroxide-Catalyzed Heavy Oil Upgrading in Supercritical Water: Deuterium Tracing Study

Effect of Polyethylene Pyrolysis Oil Hydrotreatment on the Pt/Al2O3 Catalyst: Experimental Characterization

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Effect of Polyethylene Pyrolysis Oil Hydrotreatment on the Pt/Al₂O₃ Catalyst: Experimental Characterization