Upper Body Injuries in Golfers

Creighton, Andrew; Cheng, Jennifer; Press, Joel M.

doi:10.1007/s12178-022-09787-y

Cited by 6 publications

(20 citation statements)

References 81 publications

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“…This movement of Poomsae is believed to be due to significant stress on the muscles and immediate and long-term appearance of symptoms related to motor-induced muscle damage during unfamiliar activities. Jung et al [ 15 ] reported that the average energy consumption of Taekwondo Poomsae was 3.1–6.4 kcal/min, which differed from other exercises, such as walking 5.4 ± 0.9 kcal/min [ 27 ], stair climbing 8.5 ± 0.1 kcal/min [ 28 ], fast walking 4.7–6.7 kcal/min [ 29 ], and golf 3.3–8.2 kcal/min [ 30 ]. Because most of the Taekwondo Poomsaes are completed within minutes, if calculated in minutes for one measurement, it appears at around 4 kcal/min, which can be seen as a similar number.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance in Taekwondo players

Jung¹,

Sun²,

Park³

et al. 2023

Phys Act Nutr

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[Purpose] We compared and analyzed energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption (EPOC) following Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performances.[Methods] Forty-two healthy men who could perform Taegeuk Poomsae 1–8 Jangs were enrolled in this study. To reduce the impact of Poomsae, a random cross-design was used. The washout time was set to at least three days. Oxygen consumption (VO2) was monitored after performing each Poomsae until a reference line was resumed. Each Taegeuk Poomsae was performed at a speed of 60 bpm.[Results] There was no significant difference in VO2, carbon dioxide excretion, and heart rate after performing the Taegeuk Poomsae once; however, all variables increased significantly in combined results of EPOC metabolism (F<45.646, p<0.001, and ɳ2<0.527). Taegeuk 8 Jang had the highest levels of all the factors. There were noticeable variations in the oxidation of fat and carbohydrates throughout the Taegeuk Poomsae (F<9.250, p<0.001, ɳ2<0.184). Taegeuk 8 Jang demonstrated the greatest rate of carbohydrate oxidation, and 4–8 Jangs demonstrated much greater rates of fatty acid oxidation. Compared to 1 Jang, the energy consumption showed significant differences in all the variables and peaked in Taegeuk 8 Jang.[Conclusion] The energy consumption during the Poomsae performances was the same. When the EPOC metabolism was coupled, it was evident that more energy was substantially used in each chapter of Poomsae. Consequently, it was determined that when performing Poomsae, not only should energy metabolism during exercise be taken into account but also EPOC metabolism, which can increase by 10-fold.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Comparison of energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance in Taekwondo players

Jung¹,

Sun²,

Park³

et al. 2023

Phys Act Nutr

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“…The shoulder is cited as the third most common anatomic area injured by golfers, with the lead shoulder more commonly affected (4). Although not necessarily considered an overhead sport, significant glenohumeral (GH) flexion is required at the top of the backswing and at late follow through, with varying degrees of adduction/abduction and internal/ER in each arm throughout the swing.…”

Section: Upper Limbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Elbow injuries seem to have a predilection for the amateur, female golfer, likely secondary to the increased arm carrying angle of females compared with males and the reliance of the upper limbs in amateur golfers (4). Lateral and medial epicondylitis are two of the most common elbow injuries experienced by golfers.…”

Section: Upper Limbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Conversely, low-handicap golfers use the lead limb for stabilization, while the hips, core, and more proximal kinetic chain provide clubhead speed and force. Therefore, the amateur golfer may suffer from trail limb FCU pathology while the professional golfer is more likely to experience lead ECU pathology (4). In our clinical experience, base of the thumb degenerative changes also can cause pain in golfers, as significant force is transmitted through the lead thumb to slow and stabilize the club in follow-through while the club and wrist transition from an ulnar-to-radial deviated position.…”

Section: Upper Limbmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Unlike many sports, participation in golf is not limited as individual's age, posing unique considerations for health care providers and the aging athlete (3). Successful prevention and recognition of golf-related injuries relies on providers' understanding of athlete skillset, commonly affected anatomic areas, and biomechanics of the golf swing, as there are unique differences to consider between amateur (i.e., high-handicap) and competitive or professional (i.e., lowhandicap) golfers (4). Professional golfers spend more time practicing, hit more balls, generate higher clubhead speeds, have more consistent swing mechanics, and strike the ball more accurately than the novice golfer (5).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Etiology and Prevention of Common Injuries in Golf

Hasley,

Ostby,

Fjosne

et al. 2023

Curr Sports Med Rep

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Golf is a popular sport played by individuals of varying age and skillsets. The golf swing is unique and complex, creating potential for various musculoskeletal injuries in both amateur and professional golfers. Understanding the basic biomechanics of the golf swing and its relation to injury etiology can assist the health care provider in recognizing and preventing musculoskeletal injuries secondary to golf. Most injuries occur in the upper limb and the lumbar spine. This review describes musculoskeletal pathologies seen in golfers with respect to anatomic area and golf swing biomechanics, while summarizing effective prevention strategies and swing modifications to address these potential injuries.

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Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in professional and amateur golfers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

Williamson,

Kay,

Robinson

et al. 2024

Br J Sports Med

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ObjectiveTo determine the prevalence and incidence of musculoskeletal injury in amateur and professional golfers, and to identify common injury sites and factors associated with increased injury frequency.DesignSystematic epidemiological review and meta-analysis.Data sourcesPubMed (Medline), Embase, the Cochrane Library and SPORTDiscus were searched in September 2023.Eligibility criteriaStudies published in the English language reporting the incidence or prevalence of musculoskeletal injuries in golfers at all anatomical sites.Results20 studies (9221 golfers, 71.9% male, 28.1% female) were included, with mean age 46.8 years. Lifetime injury prevalence was significantly greater in professional golfers (73.5% (95% CI: 47.3% to 93.0%)) than amateur golfers (56.6% (95% CI: 47.4% to 65.5%); relative risk (RR)=1.50, p<0.001). Professional golfers had a significantly greater lifetime prevalence of hand and wrist (RR=3.33, p<0.001) and lower back injury (RR=3.05, p<0.001). Soft tissue injuries were most common, and diagnoses were typically non-specific. Injury frequency was not associated with age or sex. Two studies reported a greater injury risk in amateur golfers playing more than three and four rounds per week.ConclusionOver half of golfers are at risk of sustaining a musculoskeletal injury during their lifetime. Risks and patterns of injury differ between professional and amateur golfers, with professionals significantly more likely to develop lower back, and hand and wrist injuries. A recent international consensus statement on the reporting of injury and illness in golf should aid consistency in future research assessing the epidemiology of specific diagnoses, informing golf injury prevention and management strategies.PROSPERO registration numberCRD42023408738.

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Upper Body Injuries in Golfers

Cited by 6 publications

References 81 publications

Comparison of energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance in Taekwondo players

Comparison of energy consumption and excess post-exercise oxygen consumption according to Taekwondo Taegeuk Poomsae performance in Taekwondo players

Etiology and Prevention of Common Injuries in Golf

Epidemiology of musculoskeletal injury in professional and amateur golfers: a systematic review and meta-analysis

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