Upper Small Intestinal Microflora in Diarrhea and Malnutrition in Nigerian Children

Iu, Omoike; Po, Abiodun

doi:10.1097/00005176-198910000-00009

Cited by 44 publications

(36 citation statements)

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“…We showed an increase in bacteria number in biopsies of children during absorption and a decrease in bacteria number after the last meal [70][71][72]. Subjects with irritable bowel syndrome (in infancy, chronic nonspecific diarrhea) actually show an increase in mucosal inflammatory cells [78][79][80][81][82][83][84]. Suppression and a decrease in intake cured these diarrheic toddlers by subtracting nutrients to mucosal microflora.…”

Section: Positive Energy Imbalance and Microflora Overgrowthmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Sometimes the conflict is acute, symptomatic; more often damages all body although progressing without any awareness (overall subclinical inflammation). Bacteria double every 10-20 minutes in the small intestinal nutrients [60][61][62][63][64][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89][90][91][92][93][94][95][96]. The mucosa of the small intestine hosts half the body production of immune cells and sustains a permanent moderate local inflammation, consisting of IgA and phagocytic responses, "tolerant" inflammation [97][98][99].…”

Section: Immune Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…About one hundred commensal bacteria are immunogenic in the human intestine [69]. An increase in this bacterial growth to about one billion per gram of mucosa provokes increase in production of lymphocyte and of IgG antibodies and reactions with mucosal damages [75][76][77][78][79][80][81][82][83][84][85][86][87][88][89]. The local inflammation discharges antigens and activated monocytes in circulation, producing a subclinical inflammation throughout the body .…”

Section: Immune Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Positive Energy Imbalance and Microflora Overgrowth

Ciampolini¹

2017

JPNC

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Minimal bacteria growth on small intestinal mucosa is associated with prompt absorption of food, as happens during insulin sensitivity . Any meal by meal excess intake over expenditure (insulin resistance) fosters microflora growth and reversible immune deficiency (RID: subclinical inflammation, overall inflammatory state, or pro-inflammatory state) [1,2,[66][67][68][69][70][71]. Overweight is the cumulative result of meal by meal positive balance for a period of time. Weight increase and fattening produce an increase in insulin resistance and RID. A weight stable is poorly effective on subclinical inflammation, and weight decreases diminish the overall inflammation. In the small intestine, unabsorbed food becomes harmful to mucosa and all the body for the existence of bacteria in the intestinal lumen and the possibility of an active proliferation inside the lumen until food is available [68]. On the contrary, rearing experimental animals without bacteria reduced to 10% cellular infiltration and immunoglobulin production in small intestine mucosa [70]. Tropical enteropathy exhibits a denser infiltrate than normal mucosa in dependence on absorption slowdown in a warm and humid climate.The conception of intestinal saprophytes was rather naïve. Bacteria grow in the colon and everywhere in dependence of water and available nutrients and temperature. Water is freely available on mucosal surfaces, and nutrients (carbohydrates, proteins) depend on eating and more precisely on current energy balance. We compared the xylose absorption rate in two groups of experimental animals, one at the environmental temperature of 30 °C and the other at 6 °C environmental temperature [59]. At high environmental temperature, the absorption rate halved in comparison to animals kept at low temperature. We obtained similar results in humans [60]. A slowdown of metabolic and absorption rates explain unexpected microflora growth [59][60][61][62][63][64]. Bacteria in the colon double every day, very slowly in comparison with growth in the small intestine, where bacteria can double every 15 minutes [68]. Bacteria obtain little energy from nonabsorbable, indigestible fibers in absence of oxygen. All meat, bread and every good meal component do not arrive to the colon. These highly energetic foods would promote an explosive growth. The rumen is similar to the human colon in hosting bacteria in an ambient that has poor nutrients and is absolutely devoid of oxygen. Energy rich nutrients let develop one-two liters of carbodioxid per minute in the rumen. The small intestine is also anaerobic, and oxygen absence increases toward the end of the intestine. 60% of bacteria do not stimulate any immune response [69]. 10%-15% evoke a response by IgG lymphocytes and neutrophils that are destructive on invading bacteria, mucosa and overall in the body by subclinical inflammation. Minimal bacteria growth requires minimal persistence of nutrients in the small intestine lumen like on teeth. This depends on intake amount and rhythm. Amounts and intervals can be...

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Section: Positive Energy Imbalance and Microflora Overgrowthmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Immune Involvementmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Positive Energy Imbalance and Microflora Overgrowth

Ciampolini¹

2017

JPNC

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“…These changed milieus offer possibilities to certain new species of the microbiota for adaptation in gastrointestinal tract or cause their dispersion from their localization areas to others. In protein calorie malnutrition, colonic type microbiota known to spread to and proliferate in the upper small intestine which may cause a variety of metabolic disturbances including steatorrhea, vitamin deficiencies, nutrient malabsorbtions, and consequently water leakage into lumina and diarrhea [160,[239][240][241]. Generally, pathogenic microorganisms including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Candida were increased [240,241].…”

Section: Nutritional Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In protein calorie malnutrition, colonic type microbiota known to spread to and proliferate in the upper small intestine which may cause a variety of metabolic disturbances including steatorrhea, vitamin deficiencies, nutrient malabsorbtions, and consequently water leakage into lumina and diarrhea [160,[239][240][241]. Generally, pathogenic microorganisms including Enterobacteriaceae, Pseudomonas, Klebsiella and Candida were increased [240,241]. In such clinical cases of complicated protein and/or calorie malnutrition, pathogenic microorganisms often cause endotoxemia and infection in addition to intestinal disruptions including diarrhea and metabolic diseases [242,243].…”

Section: Nutritional Stressmentioning

confidence: 99%

Glucocorticoids and the Intestinal Environment

Ünsal¹,

Balkaya²

2012

Glucocorticoids - New Recognition of Our Familiar Friend

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Endogenous Methemoglobinemia Associated with Diarrheal Disease in Infancy

Hanukoglu,

Danon

1996

J. pediatr. gastroenterol. nutr.

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SummaryInfantile diarrhea is sometimes associated with methemoglobinemia. To determine the significance of intestinal bacterial infection or overgrowth and other predisposing factors in this entity, we evaluated prospectively 45 consecutive patients who were admitted for gastroenteritis and methemoglobinemia between March 1980 and September 1992. All the patients were younger than 3 months of age. In 95% of them, methemoglobinemia occurred between the ages of 15 days to 2 months. The peak mean methemoglobin concentration was 9.4% (range, 2.4‐57%). Although stool cultures were positive in only 22% of the infants, the epidemiologic data strongly suggested a bacterial or viral etiology in our study population: for 12 years, there was a significant decrease in the annual incidence of methemoglobinemia associated with diarrhea in parallel to the decrease in infantile diarrhea due to known pathogens throughout the country in the same period. There was also a marked seasonal variation in the incidence of the disease, with two peaks in January and the summer months when viral and bacterial infections, respectively, are prevalent. Failure to thrive and low admission‐weight percentiles were associated with methemoglobinemia in most of the patients and diarrhea lasting ≥7 days in 22 (49%) patients. The blood pH and the degree of acidosis did not correlate with the severity of methemoglobinemia. All the patients were formula fed. In the etiology of methemoglobinemia in infants with enteritis, viral and bacterial pathogens appear to play an important role by altering intestinal flora. Breast feeding appears to protect against this entity.

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Upper Small Intestinal Microflora in Diarrhea and Malnutrition in Nigerian Children

Cited by 44 publications

References 0 publications

Positive Energy Imbalance and Microflora Overgrowth

Positive Energy Imbalance and Microflora Overgrowth

Glucocorticoids and the Intestinal Environment

Endogenous Methemoglobinemia Associated with Diarrheal Disease in Infancy

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