Upregulation of Long Non-Coding RNA DRAIC Correlates with Adverse Features of Breast Cancer

Abstract

DRAIC (also known as LOC145837 and RP11-279F6.1), is a long non-coding RNA associated with several types of cancer including prostate cancer, lung cancer, and breast cancer. Its expression is elevated in tumor tissues compared to adjacent benign tissues in breast cancer patients and is regulated by estrogen treatment in breast cancer cells. In addition, expression analysis of DRAIC in more than 100 cell lines showed that DRAIC expression is high in luminal and basal subtypes compared to claudin low subtype, suggesting a prognostic value of DRAIC expression in breast cancer. In the present study, we analyzed DRAIC expression in 828 invasive breast carcinomas and 105 normal samples of RNA sequencing datasets from The Cancer Genome Atlas (TCGA) and found that DRAIC expression was correlated with estrogen receptor (ER), progesterone receptor (PR), and human epidermal growth factor receptor 2 (HER2) status, and is increased in cancerous tissues. Additionally, higher DRAIC expression was associated with poorer survival of patients, especially in ER positive breast cancer. DRAIC was also investigated in the Oncomine database and we found that DRAIC expression predicted patients’ response to paclitaxel and FEC as well as lapatinib, which are commonly used therapy options for breast cancer. Finally, DRAIC expression in breast cancer was negatively correlated with immune cell infiltration. These results reinforce the importance of DRAIC in breast cancer.

A single-cell atlas of breast cancer cell lines to study tumour heterogeneity and drug response

“…We identified the gene most specifically expressed among the cells in the same cluster for a total of 22 biomarkers, one for each cluster (Figure 2C and Supplementary Table 03 and Supplementary Figure 03). Literature mining confirmed prevalence and clinical relevance of the markers thus identified (Supplementary Table 03): for example, clusters in the luminal island (Figure 2C) were associated to genes involved in cancer progression (BCAS3 ( 28, 29 ) cluster 2), dissemination (SCGB2A2 ( 30, 31 ) cluster 6), proliferation (DRAIC ( 32, 33 ) cluster 1), migration and invasion (CLCA2 ( 34, 35 ) cluster 8 and PIP ( 36 ) cluster 18). Interestingly, whereas DRAIC is correlated with poorer survival of luminal BC patients ( 33 ), both CALCA2 and PIP are significantly associated with a favourable prognosis ( 34, 35, 37 ).…”

“…Literature mining confirmed prevalence and clinical relevance of the markers thus identified (Supplementary Table 03): for example, clusters in the luminal island (Figure 2C) were associated to genes involved in cancer progression (BCAS3 (28, 29) cluster 2), dissemination (SCGB2A2 (30, 31) cluster 6), proliferation (DRAIC (32, 33) cluster 1), migration and invasion (CLCA2 (34, 35) cluster 8 and PIP (36) cluster 18). Interestingly, whereas DRAIC is correlated with poorer survival of luminal BC patients (33), both CALCA2 and PIP are significantly associated with a favourable prognosis (34,35,37). Indeed, CLCA2 was shown to be downregulated in several primary breast tumours, and loss of CLCA2 was associated with tumorigenicity and invasion potential (35,38) while overexpression showed decreased proliferative, migrating and invasive features (34).…”

LncRNA DRAIC inhibits proliferation and metastasis of gastric cancer cells through interfering with NFRKB deubiquitination mediated by UCHL5

“…Based on the differential expression of DRAIC in GC and NC tissues and its potential role in several malignant tumors [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17], we decided to explore the relationship between DRAIC/ NFRKB and malignant phenotype of GC cells. It was found that DRAIC can restrain the proliferation abilities of HGC-27 and MKN45 cells ( Fig.…”

“…The lncRNA DRAIC gene, which is located on human chromosome 15q23, was reported as a novel tumor regulator in several cancers recently, but it seemed to exhibit different biological effects in cancer cells from different sources [10][11][12][13][14][15][16][17]. On account of the potential value of DRAIC as a GC marker and target, we intended to reveal the expression characteristics and precise mechanism of DRAIC.…”

“…Although the anti-cancer effects of DRAIC have been verified by some studies, there were still several sources of evidence that DRAIC also plays an oncogenic role in other cancers such as breast cancer (BC) and nasopharyngeal carcinoma (NPC). Research showed that DRAIC was highly expressed in BC and NPC, and was positively correlated with pathological stage, lymph node metastasis and poor prognosis of patients [14][15][16]. Simultaneously, DRAIC could facilitate proliferation of BC independently of autophagy [14] and enhance the malignant phenotype of NPC via adsorbing microRNA-122 and up-regulating special AT rich sequence-binding protein-1 (SATB1).…”