Upscaling of Carbon-Based Perovskite Solar Module

Abstract

Perovskite solar cells (PSCs) and modules are driving the energy revolution in the coming photovoltaic field. In the last 10 years, PSCs reached efficiency close to the silicon photovoltaic technology by adopting low-cost solution processes. Despite this, the noble metal (such as gold and silver) used in PSCs as a counter electrode made these devices costly in terms of energy, CO2 footprint, and materials. Carbon-based perovskite solar cells (C-PSCs) and modules use graphite/carbon-black-based material as the counter electrode. The formulation of low-cost carbon-based inks and pastes makes them suitable for large area coating techniques and hence a solid technology for imminent industrialization. Here, we want to present the upscaling routes of carbon-counter-electrode-based module devices in terms of materials formulation, architectures, and manufacturing processes in order to give a clear vision of the scaling route and encourage the research in this green and sustainable direction.

In Situ Probing the Crystallization Kinetics in Gas‐Quenching‐Assisted Coating of Perovskite Films

“…To the best of our knowledge, this work presents one of the highest PCEs for fully printed perovskite mini‐module. [ 54 ]…”

The issues on the commercialization of perovskite solar cells

“…After a decade of investigating, advancements in the optimization of compositions, structures, manufacturing methods, interfacial connections, and device layouts have led to the gradual improvement of PCEs in carbon-based perovskite solar cells to surpass 22% [142][143][144][145]. Upscaling of carbon-based perovskite modules is also on the way of progressing [146]. Han and his coworkers reported a 12.87% PCE for high-temperature carbon-electrode modules with an active area of 60.08 cm 2 [147].…”

Optimized NiOx deposition for Industrial Compatible Perovskite Solar Modules on 15 × 15 cm2: a Green Route Towards Stable Methylammonium-free Devices

“…Global demand for energy continues to increase, requiring the development of renewable energies. Among the photovoltaic technologies, perovskite solar cells (PSCs) have proved very promising for their high power conversion efficiency (PCE), cost-effectiveness, diverse applications, and versatile fabrication methods [1][2][3][4] . Achieving PCE greater than 26% on the laboratory scale 5,6 , PSCs are set to revolutionize solar industry.…”