Uptake and depuration of pharmaceuticals in reclaimed water by mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki): A worst‐case, multiple‐exposure scenario

Abstract

Previous studies showed that caffeine, diphenhydramine, and carbamazepine were bioconcentrated by mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) from freshwater bodies directly affected by reclaimed water. To understand the uptake, depuration, and bioconcentration factors (BCFs) under the worst-case conditions, the authors exposed 84 mosquito fish to reclaimed water under static renewal for 7 d, followed by a 14-d depuration phase in clean water. Characterization of the exposure media revealed the presence of 26 pharmaceuticals, whereas only 5 pharmaceuticals-caffeine, diphenhydramine, diltiazem, carbamazepine, and ibuprofen-were present in the organisms after only 5 h of exposure. Caffeine, diltiazem, and carbamazepine were quickly taken up by mosquito fish following a similar uptake curve. Diphenhydramine and ibuprofen, on the other hand, were more gradually taken up by mosquito fish but were also eliminated fairly quickly, resulting in the 2 shortest depuration half-lives at 34 h and 32 h, respectively. For comparison, BCFs based on rate constants (BCFb ), steady-state concentrations (BCFa ), and saturation-state concentrations (BCFc ) were calculated. Values of BCFb ranged from 0.23 to 29 and increased in the order of caffeine < carbamazepine < diltiazem < diphenhydramine < ibuprofen. Values of BCFa and BCFc ranged from 2.0 to 28 and increased in the order of carbamazepine < caffeine < diltiazem < diphenhydramine < ibuprofen. This is the first study using a nonartificial exposure-treated wastewater matrix to generate pharmacokinetic data for pharmaceutical mixtures in aquatic organisms. Environ Toxicol Chem 2013;32:1752-1758. © 2013 SETAC.

Bioaccumulation and bioconcentration of carbamazepine and other pharmaceuticals in fish under field and controlled laboratory experiments. Evidences of carbamazepine metabolization by fish

“…However, propranolol, venlafaxine and citalopram values found in the present work were in general higher in G. affinis and J. multidentata compared to that study. CBZ levels in fish from the Suquía River were similar to the ones reported in homogenates of G. holbrooki, exposed for 7 days to reclaimed water of Florida International University (Wang and Gardinali, 2013), in muscle of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) of Taihu lake , in marine mussels and clams from USA and Europe estuaries and coastal zones (Wille et al, 2011;Klosterhaus et al, 2013;Martínez Bueno et al, 2013;McEneff et al, 2014;Álvarez-Muñoz et al, 2015). Moreover, Álvarez-Muñoz et al (2015) found lower levels among 10 out of the 20 pharmaceuticals analyzed in this study in mullet (Liza aurata) and flounder (Platichthys flesus), collected from Tagus (Portugal) and Scheldt (Netherlands) estuaries.…”

“…14% is in the form of metabolites, and the rest remains as the parent compound (Cunningham et al, 2010). The accumulation of CBZ has been reported in periphyton, algae, zooplankton, invertebrates, fish and birds organs/tissues in both field monitoring and laboratory experiments (Ramirez et al, 2007;Ramirez et al, 2009;Lajeunesse et al, 2009;Vernouillet et al, 2010;Wille et al, 2011;Du et al, 2012;Garcia et al, 2012;Huerta et al, 2013;Klosterhaus et al, 2013;Martínez Bueno et al, 2013;Wang and Gardinali, 2013;Almeida et al, 2014;Du et al, 2014;Tanoue et al, 2014;Álvarez-Muñoz et al, 2015;Almeida et al, 2015;Boillot et al, 2015;Freitas et al, 2015a;Freitas et al, 2015b;Tanoue et al, 2015;Xie et al, 2015;Freitas et al, 2016;Moreno-González et al, 2016). However, to our knowledge, only one study has investigated the presence of CBZ metabolites in biota (marine mussels), experimentally exposed to CBZ (Boillot et al, 2015).…”

“…According to Wang and Gardinali (2013), uptake of CBZ from reclaimed water (1.229 μg L − 1 CBZ) by mosquito fish (Gambusia holbrooki) reaches almost the maximal concentration after 48 h exposure.…”

Life in a contaminant milieu: PPCP mixtures generate unpredictable outcomes across trophic levels and life stages

“…This suggests that the effects of caffeine may be reduced or eliminated by the presence of other PPCPs, which may be, for example, due to an upregulation of detoxifying enzymes induced by other chemicals. Recent findings have revealed that mosquito fish exposed to reclaimed water from wastewater treatment facilities accumulated caffeine in their tissues (Wang and Gardinali , ). Considering that we found that caffeine alone and mixed with other PPCPs affected mosquito fish predation rates (Fig.…”

Degradation kinetics and pathways of three calcium channel blockers under UV irradiation

“…Although no direct harmful effects to human have been reported, it is proved that an exposure to a certain concentration of CCBs in the WWTP effluent can induce ecological hazards to fish (Du et al, 2014). Wang and Gardinali (2013) also reported that DIL in reclaimed water can be ingested by fish and accumulate in fish body with a bio-concentration factor larger than 16 and an in-vivo half-life larger than 117 h, indicating a potential ecological risk.…”