Uptake and effects of microcystin-LR on detoxication enzymes of early life stages of the zebra fish (Danio rerio)

Microcystin-induced variations in transcription of GSTs in an omnivorous freshwater fish, goldfish

“…Inhibition of GST activity was reported in zebrafish embryos exposed to a mixture of MC-LR and cyanobacterial lipopolysaccharides (Best et al, 2002) and in diverse organs of Corydoras paleatus exposed to microcystin-RR (Cazenave et al, 2006). However, GST activity was either elevated in the early life stages of the zebrafish (Wiegand et al, 1999) or unaffected in bighead carp injected with extracted microcystins and in juvenile goldfish exposed to microcystin-LR. Malbrouck et al, 2003).…”

Effects of pure microcystin-LR on the transcription of immune related genes and heat shock proteins in larval stage of zebrafish (Danio rerio)

“…Adult fish have the opportunity to evade contaminated areas, but the breeding areas and habitats of many newly hatched fish are shallow shores where they can hide in macrophytes. Fish juveniles or larvae may thus expect to encounter high concentrations of microcystins in such breeding areas (Wiegand et al, 1999). It has been observed that early life stages of fish are generally more sensitive to toxic compounds compared with adults and juveniles, probably due to their thin epithelial layer in combination with a relative large body surface, a higher metabolic rate, and the relative vulnerable and vital developmental processes (Von, 1988).…”

Hepatic Histopathological Characteristics and Antioxidant Response of Phytoplanktivorous Silver Carp Intraperitoneally Injected with Extracted Microcystins

“…At present, there is also evidence that oxidative damage is involved in the development of MCs toxicity in mammals [5][6] . To date, however, the effects of MCs on antioxidant systems of fish have only been observed in Danio rerio embryos [7] , isolated hepatocytes of common carp (Cyprinus carpio) [4] , liver of goldfish (Carassius auratus) and loach (Misgurnus mizolepis) either injected intraperitoneally (i.p.) with MC-LR or exposed to cyanobacterial blooms [8][9] .…”