Uptake of Nanotitania by Gingival Epithelial Cells Promotes Inflammatory Response and Is Accelerated by Porphyromonas gingivalis Lipopolysaccharide: An In Vitro Study

Abstract

Titanium is often used in the medical field and in dental implants due to its biocompatibility, but it has a high rate of leading to peri-implantitis, which progresses faster than periodontitis. Therefore, in the present study, the expression of cytokines from gingival epithelial cells by nanotitania was investigated, which is derived from titanium in the oral cavity, and the additional effect of Porphyromonas gingivalis (periodontopathic bacteria) lipopolysaccharide (PgLPS) was investigated. Ca9-22 cells were used as a gingival epithelial cell model and were cultured with nanotitania alone or with PgLPS. Cytokine expression was examined by reverse transcription-quantitative polymerase chain reaction and enzyme-linked immunosorbent assay. In addition, cellular uptake of nanotitania was observed in scanning electron microscopy images. The expression of interleukin (IL)-6 and IL-8 significantly increased in Ca9-22 cells by nanotitania treatment alone, and the expression was further increased by the presence of PgLPS. Nanotitania was observed to phagocytose Ca9-22 cells in a dose- and time-dependent manner. Furthermore, when the expression of IL-11, related to bone resorption, was investigated, a significant increase was confirmed by stimulation with nanotitania alone. Therefore, nanotitania could be associated with the onset and exacerbation of peri-implantitis, and the presence of periodontal pathogens may worsen the condition. Further clinical reports are needed to confirm these preliminary results.

Dental follicle cells‐derived small extracellular vesicles inhibit pathogenicity of Porphyromonas gingivalis

“…The human gingival epithelial cell line Ca9‐22 has been used as a vitro culture model of oral epithelial cells in periodontitis‐related studies (Na et al, 2016; Sugawara et al, 2021; Usui et al, 2016). They were obtained from Otwo Biotech and grown in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (DMEM, Hyclone) supplemented with 10% FBS at 37°C in 5% CO 2 .…”

“…The human gingival epithelial cell line Ca9-22 has been used as a vitro culture model of oral epithelial cells in periodontitis-related studies (Na et al, 2016;Sugawara et al, 2021;Usui et al, 2016).…”

P38α contributes to TNF‐α‐induced IL‐8 production in human gingival cells

“…Ca9-22 cells were used as representative gingival epithelial cell [19][20][21] purchased from JCRB Cell Bank (Tokyo, Japan; ID: JCRB0625). Ca9-22 cells were cultured in Dulbecco's modified Eagle's medium (Wako Pure Chemical Industries, Osaka, Japan) containing 10% fetal bovine serum (Biowest, Nuaillé, France), 100 μg/mL penicillin, 100 μg/mL streptomycin, and 2 mM L-glutamine (Wako Pure Chemical Industries).…”

Immunopathological Inflammation in the Evolution of Mucositis and Peri-Implantitis

“…It is known from the literature that the cause of mucositis and peri-implantitis can include titanium ions and nanoparticles as degradation products of medical products under conditions of functional load [ 1 , 2 , 3 , 4 , 5 , 6 , 7 , 8 , 9 , 10 ]. In 2021, works appeared that were devoted to the genetic and immunological aspects of the interaction of titanium nanoparticles with macrophages and studies of gene expression during their co-culture [ 11 ].…”