Upward flame spread over discrete fuels

Miller, Colin H.; Gollner, Michael J.

doi:10.1016/j.firesaf.2015.07.003

Cited by 57 publications

(32 citation statements)

References 41 publications

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“…performed experiments on a vertically mounted PMMA slab of identical width; the infrared images showed that the background contribution of the soot was hardly visible, minimally affected the extracted temperatures, and contributed very homogeneously. Miller and Gollner [18] performed several small-scale experiments using thermocouples and an infrared camera simultaneously; the temperature readings of the infrared images were similar to the thermocouple values. The differences between the absolute temperatures from the infrared data and thermocouples were acceptable (the average percentage difference was 3.4%).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

“…The detector had an uncooled focal plane array micro-bolometer, the spectral band was 7.5 lm to 14 lm, and the emissivity adjustable range was 0.01 to 1.0. With a selection range of spectral response of 8 lm to 12 lm [18,19] in the tests, the infrared thermography filtered the emission bands from those of carbon dioxide, which emits strongly at 2.7 lm and 4.3 lm [19][20][21][22], and water vapor, which emits strongly at 2.7 lm and 6.3 lm [23]. Parent et al [24].…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Figure 4 shows the temperature profiles obtained from both the infrared camera and thermocouples from a validation test in which the infrared spot measurements were recorded at approximate thermocouple locations [18]. The average percentage difference between the temperatures obtained from the infrared data and thermocouples was 2.9%.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Moreover, the thermocouples perturbed the flow of hot gases. In Experimental Studies on the Effects of Spacing on Upward Flame Spread contrast, the infrared images and measurements produced a much clear picture of the pyrolysis front than the thermocouple measurements [18], and the temperature measured by the infrared camera was assumed as the surface temperature of thermally thin PMMA material. In summary, the infrared images could be used in the tests.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Studies on the Effects of Spacing on Upward Flame Spread over Thin PMMA

et al. 2016

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Experiments were carried out to study the effect of spacing between wall and thin fuels on upward flame spread. The front flame height, back flame height, pyrolysis height, burnout length, and pyrolysis spread rate were measured by video image analysis with spacings of 2 mm, 7 mm, 13 mm, 19 mm, and 25 mm. Experiments were performed on uniform PMMA (polymethyl-methacrylate) samples with 200 mm height, 50 mm width, and 1 mm thickness. The results are as follows: (1) As the spacing increased, the front flame height, back flame height, pyrolysis height, and burnout length showed the same trajectory, first increased and then decreased. The maximum trajectory was observed at a spacing of 6.5% of the wall height. (2) At an infinite length of PMMA, the pyrolysis zone and pyrolysis spread rate would reach an asymptotic steady state, and the pyrolysis and burnout spread rates will be asymptotically equal. (3) Of particular interest is the maximum mass-loss rate for a wall spacing/sample height ratio (0.065) due to enhanced the radiation fluxes. In this study, the effects of spacing between wall and fuels on upward flame spread was investigated for the first time using 1 mm thick PMMA sheets, including two-face burning case.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 93%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Experimental Studies on the Effects of Spacing on Upward Flame Spread over Thin PMMA

et al. 2016

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“…They developed models to predict horizontal flame spread rate and the number of burning wooden dowels. The vertical flame spread behavior of discrete PMMA was studied by Miller and Gollner [14]. They found that the flame spread rate first increased and then decreased with the increase of PMMA coverage, and reached the maximum as the coverage was 0.67.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effects of Overlap Length on Flammability and Fire Hazard of Vertical Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Plate Array

Wang

et al. 2020

Polymers

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Polymethyl methacrylate (PMMA) plates are widely used in buildings or factories for natural lighting. Commonly PMMA plates are installed as a discrete array. However, PMMA plates are very susceptible to fire. Therefore, experimental study on flammability and fire hazard of vertical PMMA plate array with different overlap length (D) was conducted in this work. The average flame height (Hf) increases first and then decreases with an increase in the overlap length, and reaches the maximum when D = 40 mm. The discrete flame spread speed (Vf) also rises first and then drops with the increase of D, which is mainly due to the heat transfer from the PMMA flame to the next plate. A model for predicting the flame spread rate of discrete PMMA array is established. The predicted results are consistent with experimental ones, with a predicted error smaller than 15%. The average temperature of flame zone rises first and then drops as D increases, reaching the maximum when D = 40 mm. This leads to the same changing trend of radiative heat flux. Results obtained in this work provide a reference for fire hazard evaluation and fire safety design of PMMA plates employed in buildings or industrial sites.

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Experimental and theoretical study on horizontal flame spread through arrays of wooden dowels

Jiang

Xiao

et al. 2022

Fire and Materials

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Flame spread along discrete fuel element is of great interest for both fundamental science and fire prevention, whose combustion properties may be different from those of homogenous materials. It has been a long time for researchers in fire science to find a simple and effective method to construct a discrete flame spread model. This work was motivated by the research of 2-D horizontal discrete flame spread behaviors with different spacings and rows, establishing the prediction model of ignition time and global mass loss rate (MLR). In this work, burning characteristics of the 2-D discrete flame spread were experimentally studied with six different row numbers (1-11 with an interval of 2) of cylindrical dowels (birch wood, 3 mm diameter Â 50 mm height) under three selected spacings (6, 7, and 8 mm). Based on the heat transfer model developed, the theoretical models of ignition time and MLR were obtained and validated. Moreover, combined with previous studies, the numerical correlation between dimensionless flame height and dimensionless heat release rate for the 2-D horizontal discrete flame spread scenario was established. This study provided an insight into the horizontal discrete flame spread mechanism in the aspect of heat and mass transfer, which may be applied in the prediction and assessment of discrete fuel fires in reality.

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Upward flame spread over discrete fuels

Cited by 57 publications

References 41 publications

Experimental Studies on the Effects of Spacing on Upward Flame Spread over Thin PMMA

Experimental Studies on the Effects of Spacing on Upward Flame Spread over Thin PMMA

Effects of Overlap Length on Flammability and Fire Hazard of Vertical Polymethyl Methacrylate (PMMA) Plate Array

Experimental and theoretical study on horizontal flame spread through arrays of wooden dowels

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