Urban farmer practices in soil fertility and water management and the influence of gender in Harare and Chitungwiza, Zimbabwe

Abstract

Poor soil fertility and increased frequency of mid-season droughts have made it difficult for urban farmers to get sustainable crop yields against a background of unemployment and reliance on urban agriculture for livelihoods in Harare and Chitungwiza. It is important to know soil fertility and water management practices used by urban farmers so that their performance can be evaluated and gender influence on their use assessed. The objectives of this study were (i) to identify soil fertility and water management practices used by urban farmers and their effect on maize yields and (ii) to determine the influence of gender on their use. Results showed a dominance of women (62.4%) over men (37.6%) in carrying out farming activities. Farmers used a combination of either poultry manure, sewage sludge or cattle manure with mineral fertilizers and attained an average maize grain yield of 1.5 t/ha. More women used organic fertilizers than men, but they applied lower rates leading to lower yields. Quantity of mineral fertilizer and sewage sludge used was significantly correlated with gender. More women than men used ridges and furrows, raised beds and mulching as water management practices. Development programs targeted for these farmers should consider gender in their design to ensure sustainability.

Waste to resource: use of water treatment residual for increased maize productivity and micronutrient content

“…To cope with these changes, many urban dwellers in the region are increasingly resorting to urban agriculture (UA) for household food, nutrition and income security (Kutiwa et al, 2010;Takavarasha, 2003). However, as is the case in many rural communities in Southern Africa (Kamanga et al, 2014;Mapfumo & Giller, 2001), crop production has remained low in urban areas due to a combination of factors, including declining soil fertility (Mtangadura et al, 2017;Nyamasoka et al, 2015) and a changing climate (Rurinda et al, 2015), hampering efforts towards achievement of Sustainable Development Goals, most of which are underpinned by soil health (Keesstra et al, 2016;Lal, 2019). Without addressing poor soil fertility and the negative impacts of the changing climate, crop yields will remain poor, increasing the number of households vulnerable to food deficits.…”