Urban form and Urban-Agricultural Eco-Efficiency as an Indicator for Sustainable Urban Development in Huancayo Province, Peru

Abstract

Aims: The urban form of each district was estimated; the entry indicators and exit indicators of urban eco-efficiency; as well as the environmental costs and economic outcomes of agricultural eco-efficiency in the 28 districts of the Huancayo Province.
 Study design: Descriptive-Correlational.
 Place and duration of study: The research project lasted 1 year, the data collection of agricultural-urban eco-efficiency was carried out from January to December 2020 by district, as well as the delimitation of productive and non-productive agricultural areas.
 Methodology: The World Business Council for Sustainable Development eco-efficiency model developed by Data Envelopment Analysis (DEA) was used. To estimate the Urban Form, the Landsat 8 OLI/TIRS satellite image was used. For the Ecoeficiencia Urban-Agricultural data was collected by interviewing field and respective households using probability sampling, to estimate the polluting gases by province, the Sentinel-5P satellite image was used. Pearson's r coefficient and bilateral Student's t-test were used for the statistical analysis [26; 2.05].
 Results: The Urban Form presents compactness ratio 0.27, shape ratio 0.21, elasticity ratio 5.47 and population density 753.09hab/km2. The Urban-Input indicators are urban water consumption 5889116.31ML/year electric energy consumption 2062019.23MW/year, food consumption 2664.56 ton/year. The Urban-Output indicators are emission of polluting gases 40335.11 ton/year, economic revenue 279.35PEN/year and wastewater discharge 90581.38ML/year. The Environmental Costs-Agricultural are water consumption for the agricultural sector 3348.34ML/year, fertilizer consumption 69.14 ton/year and phytosanitary consumption 46 ton/year. The Economic Outputs-Agricultural are agricultural production of 4779.79 kg/year, agricultural land rent 6390.3 PEN/year, gross value of production 4854.35 PEN/year. Agricultural Eco-efficiency [Eec-Ag]=0.89 and Urban Eco-efficiency [Eec-Ur]=0.98, ratio coefficient r=-0.13 and tc=0.64.
 Conclusion: The 28 districts of the province of Huancayo have an Eec-Ur [Urban Eco-efficiency] of 0.98 and Eec-Ag [Agricultural Eco-efficiency] of 0.89 where it maintains the added value while generating 98% and 89% of its environmental pressures. There is no statistically significant relationship between urban eco-efficiency and agricultural eco-efficiency.

Agricultural eco-efficiency and water footprint- A case study of fifteen crops in the Chupaca province of Peru

“…macrocarpon were of lower consumption of fertilizers. The problem of pests and diseases was one of the sanitary inspection problems that control the local sales market, so farmers opted to apply high concentrations of phytosanitary products (to improve the quality of said species) (Palomares et al, 2021). The species with the highest consumption of phytosanitary products were Z. mays var.…”

“…Peru occupies the 157th position among countries in terms of soil usage solely for agricultural production, covering an area of 236,087 km 2 (Knoema, quality of life (Rojas, 2016). Currently, Chupaca has fifteen large productions of crops (Tamayo, 2017) and to guarantee a good food harvest, farmers make excessive use of water (irrigation channels) and different materials (Benavides et al, 2018;Palomares et al, 2021). Wang and Ye (2017) mentioned that some inputs and outputs can describe the result of agricultural production as good, efficient and productive (Moutinho et al, 2018).…”

“…At the same time, the greywater footprint is a marker of the level of water contamination in a specific procedure (Donoso et al, 2016). In other words, it is the amount of water diluted or combined with agrochemicals, fungicides, or other chemical substances that are applied in growing areas respecting environmental quality standards (Palomares et al, 2021;Rybaczewska and Gierulski, 2018). Water productivity indicates how much economic production is produced per cubic meter of freshwater extracted (Garrido et al, 2019).…”