Urban inequality: a hypothetic risk factor for myopia

Nouraeinejad, Ali

doi:10.51329/mehdioptometry139

Cited by 3 publications

(3 citation statements)

References 28 publications

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“…Philip et al noted that myopia is more prevalent in children with poor socioeconomic status. 21,22 However, family income was not one of the demographics studied in our cohort.…”

Section: Dovepressmentioning

confidence: 94%

Myopia Progression Among School-Aged Children in the COVID-19 Distance-Learning Era

Althnayan

Almotairi

Alharbi

et al. 2023

OPTH

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To investigate the effect of online learning and other environmental factors on myopia progression during the Coronavirus pandemic . Methods: A retrospective cohort study from 2018 to 2021. Data from children aged 6-14 were gathered during three visits: prepandemic, at the beginning, and during the pandemic. Demographics (hours spent on screens for educational, recreational purposes, outdoors, and type of screen), best-corrected distance visual acuity (BCDVA), uncorrected distance visual acuity (UCDVA), and cycloplegic refraction were gathered. Results: Of 150 patients, 70 [47%] were boys. The mean age was 11 (2.4) years. Participants mainly used mobile phones (62%) and had insufficient outdoor play (88%). Of the 300 eyes, 221 (74%) showed myopia progression. A significant difference in spherical equivalent (SE) was found between pre-pandemic and post-pandemic periods (−0.29 (0.23) D vs −0.40 (0.11) D; p =0.023). Additionally, UCDVA showed a difference between the initial and 1st follow-up visits (0.57 (0.37) vs 0.64 (0.36), p =0.001), and the first and 2nd follow-up visits (0.64 (0.36) vs 0.70 (0.36), p =0.001). Significant hazard ratio for change in SE in patients with higher age (>9 years), (HR [95% confidence interval (CI)], 0.71 [0.51-0.84]), greater recreational screen usage (HR [95% CI], 1.26 [1.15-1.66]), and insufficient outdoor time (HR [95% CI], 1. 45 [1.35-1.67]). Conclusion: Myopia progression was accelerated during the COVID-19 pandemic. Younger age, prolonged screen use, and insufficient outdoor time contributed to increased myopia progression. However, the type of device used had no significant effect.

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“…Philip et al noted that myopia is more prevalent in children with poor socioeconomic status. 21,22 However, family income was not one of the demographics studied in our cohort.…”

Section: Dovepressmentioning

confidence: 94%

Myopia Progression Among School-Aged Children in the COVID-19 Distance-Learning Era

Althnayan

Almotairi

Alharbi

et al. 2023

OPTH

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“…Moderate progression of myopia occurs as some other factors such as near work and education contribute their effects [94] . Further progression into sight-threatening high myopia in young adulthood and beyond, occurs at a more molecular level as the scleral biomechanical properties are altered abnormally and significantly by several factors including diet, regardless of the race [5,[110][111][120][121][122][123][124][125][126][127][128][129][130][131][132][133][134][135][136] .…”

Section: Survey-based Studies For Time Outdoor and Myopiamentioning

confidence: 99%

A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression

Ihesiulor,

Rhadhakrishnan

2024

Int J Ophthalmol

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Various studies have suggested several environmental, pharmacological, medical, and optical interventions and some are in use but their efficacy in myopia control may be transient, and the cellular, molecular, and biochemical mechanisms involved unclear. Daylight exposure is currently regarded as an effective and enduring strategy in the control of myopia development and progression. However, the mechanism behind the effect of outdoor exposure and its association with genetic predisposition and other relatively more significant environmental factors on myopia is still a conundrum. This review focuses on survey-based and intervention-based studies carried out to propose a mechanism that accounts for myopia development and important for its control.

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“…The prevalence of myopia has progressively increased in recent decades. Lifestyle factors, such as urbanization, lack of outdoor exposure, near work duration, and near working distance, are risk factors for myopia [3,4]. Moreover, eye fatigue and asthenopia have been associated with online learning [5].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Stay-at-home myopia among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic

Sallam¹,

Mohammed²,

Karrar³

et al. 2022

Med Hypothesis Discov Innov Optom

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Background: Uncorrected myopia represents a major cause of visual disability in children, especially in low-income and middle-income countries. However, there is still debate about the effect of e-learning and “stay-at-home” guidelines on the refractive status of school children, especially in the absence of long-term follow-up data. This study aimed to assess the impact of stay-at-home enforcement during the COVID-19 pandemic on myopia development or progression in students in the Suez Canal Area, Egypt. Methods: This longitudinal observational study included 1650 students. All students aged 8–15 years with visual complaints, who had attended routine annual vision checks since 2018, were enrolled and assessed annually for myopia development and progression until 2021. Cycloplegic and noncycloplegic refraction, axial length (AL), corneal curvature, and uncorrected and best-corrected distance visual acuity were measured. The participants were administered a questionnaire that focused mainly on collecting information on their visual habits. Results: Our study included 3,300 eyes of 1,650 school students with myopia during the 4-year study period from 2018 to 2021. The mean cycloplegic spherical equivalents (CSE) were - 1.02, - 1.52, - 2.00, and - 3.50 diopters (D) in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. This myopic shift in CSE over time was significant (P < 0.001). The average keratometric reading (Avg K) increased significantly during the follow-up period (P < 0.001). The Avg K measurements were 42.32, 42.62, 43.02, and 44.19 D in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The changes in Avg K were significant (P < 0.001). The mean AL measurements were 22.53, 22.59, 22.69, and 22.71 mm in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. Although statistically significant (P < 0.001), changes in AL were clinically insignificant throughout the study period. The mean durations spent on electronic devices at home were 2.12, 2.46, 3.10, and 6.00 hours in 2018, 2019, 2020, and 2021, respectively. The changes over time were significant (P < 0.001). Conclusions: During the COVID-19 pandemic, studying at home accelerated the degree of refraction toward myopia in school children in Egypt. Further studies are needed to assess the academic performance of students with progressive myopia.

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Urban inequality: a hypothetic risk factor for myopia

Cited by 3 publications

References 28 publications

Myopia Progression Among School-Aged Children in the COVID-19 Distance-Learning Era

Myopia Progression Among School-Aged Children in the COVID-19 Distance-Learning Era

A review of mechanism of action of outdoor exposure in preventing myopia incidence and progression

Stay-at-home myopia among school children during the COVID-19 pandemic

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