“…A significant amount of work on flood impacts in Egypt has not been integrated with spatial planning practices, and spatial planning projects at the local level have not mandated flood risk assessments, resulting in increased flood risk (Esmaiel et al, 2022). What is more, the existent studies also have limitations that can be described as follows: - The risk was determined by considering only the hazard and loss components or the vulnerability of social aspects rather than the underlying surface (Alfieri et al, 2017; Anelli et al, 2022; Dong et al, 2020; Li et al, 2020; Merz et al, 2010; Wang, Zhai, & Song, 2021; Wolf & McGregor, 2013; Xu et al, 2016).
- Absence of spatial analysis and just a part of the city was analyzed instead of city‐wide (Chen et al, 2022; Ciullo et al, 2017; Joyce et al, 2018; Mancini et al, 2020; Martínez‐Solanas & Basagaña, 2019).
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