Urban–rural differences in the nature and prevalence of mental ill‐health in adults with intellectual disabilities

Abstract

We found these results surprising and at odds with the majority of studies carried out in the general population and propose several reasons for the differences found. We believe that the results and further studies in this area will help inform health service provision for those with ID who live in different geographical areas.

Rural Trends in Diagnosis and Services for Autism Spectrum Disorder

“…As such, these ‘higher-functioning’ ASD cases may be more likely to be missed or misdiagnosed. This notion is supported by findings of high rates of co-occurring ASD and intellectual disability in rural compared to urban areas of the UK, as well as by the increase of residential facilities for ASD and intellectual disability in rural areas (Kiani et al, 2013). On a more promising note, these findings also suggest that there are some systems in place for detecting and accommodating individuals with ASD with co-occurring intellectual or language disability in rural areas, although more work is needed in identifying and providing services for those without such impairments.…”

What do we know about the health and health care of people with intellectual disabilities from minority ethnic groups in the United Kingdom? A systematic review

“…However, four articles were based on new referrals to a specialist mental health service for adults with intellectual disabilities in South East London (Bouras, Cowley, Holt, Newton, & Sturmey, ; Cowley et al, ; Maitland, Tsakanikos, Holt, & Bouras, ; Tsakanikos, McCarthy, Kravariti, Fearon, & Bouras, ). Four studies were based on analysis of data from the Leicestershire Intellectual Disability Register (LIDR) (Devapriam et al, ; Kiani, Tyrer, Hodgson, Berkin, & Bhaumik, ; McGrother et al, ; Tyrer, Smith, McGrother, & Taub, ), with a further four studies being conducted in Leicestershire whilst not being based on LIDR data in their entirety (Bhaumik, Tyrer, McGrother, & Ganghadaran, ; Bhaumik et al, ; Chaplin, Thorp, Ismail, Collacott, & Bhaumik, ; Dunkley et al, ). The LIDR was established in 1987 and contains all adults with intellectual disabilities known to specialist health or social services in Leicestershire (McGrother et al, ).…”

“…Dementia was more common in the White (4.2%) than in the Black (0.8%) or Other non‐White (0%) groups, probably due to the age structure of the population with both the Black (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.93, 0.97) and Other non‐White (OR 0.95; 95% CI 0.95, 0.92) groups being more likely to be younger than other ethnic groups. However, for adults on the LIDR, those from ethnic minority communities (mainly South Asian) were less likely to have a clinical diagnosis of mental illness based on a psychiatric assessment from the specialist intellectual disability service than those in the White population (21.4% versus 35.4%) (Kiani et al, ). This may be because they are less likely to access psychiatric services in the first place.…”

The Psychosexual Profile of Sexual Assistants: An Internet-Based Explorative Study

“…Other subsets composed of male sexual assistants for homosexual males or heterosexuals belonging to different associations of sexual assistants and prostitutes from other countries not considered in this study will have to be explored, in order to make more representative the sample. However, considering that for a number of reasons both physical and intellectual disabilities affect males much more than females [18]–[20], and that, irrespective of the sociocultural aspects, female sex workers are much more common than their male counterparts, we speculate that our experimental setting reflects the largest part of this phenomenon.…”