Urea for the Preservation of Moist Hay in Big Round Bales

Bélanger, Gilles; St-Laurent, A. M.; Esau, C. A.; Nicholson, J. W. G.; McQueen, R. E.

doi:10.4141/cjas87-110

Cited by 6 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…The amount of ADIN retained increased after urea treatment, indicating that some nitrogen binding to ADF occurred during storage of urea‐treated samples. The increases in ADIN in urea‐treated samples are in agreement with the results reported by Atwal et al 35 and Bélanger et al 7 in silages and moist hays. However, the ADIN represents less than 10% of total nitrogen retained.…”

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

“…Urea treatment of mature grass hays and crop residues is widely used to improve their crude protein (CP) concentration and DM and fibre digestibility 1–4. The effectiveness of ammonia against microbial activity and in preventing mould formation during storage of high‐moisture hays is widely known5–7 and is an important practical advantage of urea treatment.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Electronic Properties of Propylamine‐Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2010

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We present resonant Raman measurements on single-walled carbon nanotubes (SWCNT) functionalized with propylamine groups at different degrees. Direct nucleophilic addition based on in situ generated primary amides is used for attaching n-propylamine to the sidewalls of SWCNTs. The influence of the amino functionalities on the electronic structure of the nanotubes is investigated. From the Raman resonance profiles of the radial breathing modes (RBMs), the chiral indices of the corresponding tubes are assigned. We observe significant redshifts of the transition energies and a broadening of the resonance windows due to chemical modification of SWCNTs. Similar redshifts are derived from the analysis of the NIR/Vis transmission spectrum. The relative Raman intensities of the functionalized samples and the evaluation of their transmission spectra indicate a diameter dependence of the reactivity as it has been observed for other moieties. By analyzing the defect induced D mode we observe a considerable degree of functionalization accompanied by an almost unharmed tube structure, which ensures that the observed effects are mainly driven by changes of the electronic structure.

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Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 91%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Electronic Properties of Propylamine‐Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

et al. 2010

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“…The pre calculated amount (on straw DM basis) of fortification chemical will dissolve with the known quantity of water to form a solution. Then the fortification solution is sprayed or dripped on the stack of bales in plant with the help of sprayer or dripper (Cloete and Kritzinger, 1984, Belanger et al, 1987, Kumar et al, 2010and Ali et al, 2012. After fortification, the fortified bales may remained on the treatment plant for an hour in order to drain the excess flow of fortification solution from the bales before it get shifted to incubating place (Kumar et al, 2010).…”

Section: Chemical Treatment Methods For Straw Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The addition of urea at a rate of 40 g kg -1 of forage and above (weight w.b.) reduces microbial activity and increases the nitrogen content of hay by approximately 14.50 g kg -1 (Belanger et al, 1987). Maeng and Chung (1989) reported the daily gain of 20 and 30 % respectively for animals fed by anhydrous and aqueous ammonia treated rice straw.…”

Section: Importance Of Straw Fortificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Opportunities and Challenges for Straw Fortification for Livestock Feed: Scope for Mechanization

Shrinivasa¹,

Maski²

2017

Int.J.Curr.Microbiol.App.Sci

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Urea treatment of whole‐crop triticale at four growth stages: effects on chemical composition and on in vitro digestibility of cell wall

et al. 2006

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The objective of this study was to evaluate the preservative and upgrading potential of urea added to whole-crop triticale. Triticale, harvested at different growth stages according to Feekes' scale (10.51, 10.54, 11.1 and 11.2), was ensiled with four levels of urea (0, 30, 60 and 90 g kg −1 dry matter (DM)) and stored in plastic bags for 60 days. Data were analysed as a factorial design with growth stage and urea level as the main factors. Urea was extensively hydrolysed (more than 90% of added urea). Urea breakdown was not affected by urea level (P > 0.05) but decreased significantly with growth stage (P < 0.001). Microbial activity measured by pH, volatile fatty acid production and total non-structural carbohydrate concentration was significantly reduced by the urea level. Urea treatment significantly (P < 0.001) increased water-soluble and ammonium nitrogen; more than 85% of the added nitrogen was retained. Application of urea at a rate of 60 and 90 g kg −1 DM significantly (P < 0.05) reduced the neutral detergent fibre (NDF) content and increased (P < 0.05) the NDF and acid detergent fibre in vitro digestibility. Whole-crop triticale harvested at later growth stages (approximately 60% DM) can be effectively preserved and upgraded by ensiling with 60-90 g urea kg −1 DM.

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Urea for the Preservation of Moist Hay in Big Round Bales

Abstract: Urea was evaluated in two experiments as a preservative of moist grass hay stored in big round bales. Three levels ofurea: 0,24 and 46 g urea kg-' forage (wet weight basis) were applied to hay at two moisture levels (23 and29%) in exp.

Cited by 6 publications

References 5 publications

Electronic Properties of Propylamine‐Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Electronic Properties of Propylamine‐Functionalized Single‐Walled Carbon Nanotubes

Opportunities and Challenges for Straw Fortification for Livestock Feed: Scope for Mechanization

Urea treatment of whole‐crop triticale at four growth stages: effects on chemical composition and on in vitro digestibility of cell wall

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