Urinary excretion of ginkgolide terpene lactones following acute consumption of Ginkgo biloba extract

Abstract

Urinary biomarkers of plant food supplement (PFS) exposure/ intake represent an accurate, non-subjective tool for determining PFS consumption in humans with applications ranging from epidemiology to subject compliance in clinical trials. Ginkgo biloba remains one of the worlds most popular PFS, yet few studies have investigated the uptake and metabolism of its primary unique bioactives: the terpene lactones. To this end, we conducted a dual-dose, acute crossover intervention using Ginkgo biloba supplements in healthy participants (n=12).Pooled 24-hr urine samples were analysed by triple quadrupole LC-MS-MS. We observed that bilobalide, and ginkgolides A and B were passed into urine intact and in a dose-dependent manner. Low levels of intact ginkgolides C and J were also excreted. To our knowledge, this is the first study to report intact ginkgolide J in urine following oral consumption of ginkgo supplements, and is also the first to account for excreted terpene lactones as a proportion of dose.

Dilute-and-shoot-based direct nano-electrospray ionization tandem mass spectrometry as screening methodology for multivitamins in dietary supplement and human urine

“…In addition, both gingkolide A and bilobalide formed stable formate adducts at m / z 453.1400 and 371.0984, respectively. These results agree with those of Dew et al [73] . Rutinose, the rutin glycoside, was detected as its deprotonated molecule [M-H] ¯ at m / z 325.1139, and was confirmed by the characteristic chloride adduct [M+Cl] ¯ and isotopic pattern [M+H( 37 Cl)] ¯ at m / z 361.0908 and 363.0878, respectively.…”

Transport of ginkgolides with different lipophilicities based on an hCMEC/D3 cell monolayer as a blood–brain barrier cell model

“…Up to now, flavones glycosides, terpene lactones and other chemical components have been separated from and identified in Ginkgo biloba extracts Dew et al, 2013). Previous studies have shown that ginkgolide A, ginkgolide B, ginkgolide C, ginkgolide J, and ginkgolide K all have neuroprotective effects and antioxidative properties, especially on neuron injuries induced by cerebral ischemia Qin et al, 2014;Ma et al, 2012a,b;Numa et al, 2007;Vitolo et al, 2009).…”

Identification and quantification of biomarkers to confirm the poisoning by Ginkgo biloba seeds in a 2-year-old boy

“…The urine sample was prepared according to Dew et al (2014). 20 It was thawed at room temperature immediately before extraction, placed in an ultrasonic water bath (5 min), then vortexed (30 s) to ensure homogeneity. The sample was extracted in triplicate.…”

“…The software Excalibur® Release 2.0 SR2 (Thermo Electron, San Jose, CA, USA) was used for integration. The analysis was performed according to Dew et al (2014), 20 Table 1. The autosampler and column oven temperatures were set at 8°C and 35°C, respectively, and the injection volume was 20 µL.…”

“…The software Excali-bur® Release 2.0 SR2 (Thermo Electron, San Jose, CA, USA) was used for integration. The analysis was performed according to Dew et al (2014), 20 using a gradient elution at a flow rate of 0.3 mL min −1 ; the mobile phases were: (A) watermethanol-formic acid, 94.9 : 5 : 0.1 (v/v/v), and (B) methanolwater-formic acid 95 : 4.9 : 0.1 (v/v/v). The gradient elution was set up as shown in Table 1.…”