Urinary excretion rates of natural estrogens and androgens from humans, and their occurrence and fate in the environment: A review

Liu, Ze‐hua; Kanjo, Yoshinori; Mizutani, Satoshi

doi:10.1016/j.scitotenv.2009.06.001

Cited by 168 publications

(92 citation statements)

References 85 publications

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“…Natural steroids are mainly originated from the excretion (feces and urine) of human, livestock and aquaculture (Hanselman et al, 2003;Kolodziej et al, 2004;Liu et al, 2009;Ying et al, 2002). Some natural and synthetic steroids have also been used in human daily life for many reasons, such as contraception and human therapy, and in livestock production to prevent and treat diseases, promote growth, and improve productivity.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment

et al. 2012

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment

et al. 2012

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“…With the progress of research on EDCs, their definition has been widened to include a broad class of chemicals from natural estrogens/androgens, phytoestrogens and synthetic estrogens/androgens, to industrial chemicals. Among these, natural free estrogens such as estrone (E1), 17b-estradiol (E2), and estriol (E3) are some of the most detected compounds [5,8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Natural estrogens excreted daily from human urine or feces are regarded as one of the main sources in municipal wastewater [8]. Although estrogens excreted from human urine or feces have been reported to be mainly sulfate or glucuronide conjugates [9], the majority of them are believed to have been transformed to their free estrogens by fecal bacteria before they reach wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) [10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Analysis of Natural Free Estrogens and Their Conjugates in Wastewater by GC‐MS

Liu¹,

Hashimoto

Okumura

et al. 2010

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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A solid-phase extraction (SPE)-gas chromatography (GC)-mass spectrometry (MS) analytical method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of natural free estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater samples. Natural free estrogens and their conjugates in wastewater were successfully separated by the oasis hydrophilic-lipophilic balance solid phase extraction (Oasis HLB SPE) method, and the conjugates were initially enzyme hydrolyzed by b-glucuronidase or arylsulfatase from Helix pomatia prior to derivatization. N-methyl-N-(tert-butyldimethylsilyl)trifluoroacetamide (MTBSTFA) plus 1% tert-butyldimetheylchlorosilane (TBDMCS) was chosen as the derivatization reagent, and the most appropriate conditions of derivatization were determined to be at 958C for 90 min. The recovery ratios of nine target chemicals were determined by spiking them in 1 L of ultra-purified water or the influent of a wastewater treatment plant (WWTP). The recovery ratios of six out of nine for the analytes ranged from 73.3 -114.9% with relative standard deviations (RSD) from 1.6 -19.9%. The established method was successfully applied to environmental wastewater samples which were collected from one municipal wastewater treatment plant (WWTP) in Osaka, Japan, for the determination of natural free estrogens and their conjugates. In the influent sample, E1, E2, E1-3S, E3-3S, and E1-3G were detected at concentrations of 16.6, 9.6, 8.2, 21.9, and 3.2 ng L -1 , respectively. However, only E1 was detected at a high concentration of 44 ng L -1 in the effluent sample, suggesting that it is the dominant natural free estrogen in the effluent.

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“…[28,29]. In one review article by Liu et al [6], human urinary excretion rates of natural estrogens from four different human groups were collated, in which it was shown that pregnant women contributed the most to their occurrence in most municipal WWTPs. Although urinary excretion rates of estrogen glucuronides are much higher than those of estrogen sulfates, biotransformation of estrogen glucuronides in wastewater is much easier than that of estrogen sulfates, thus estrogen sulfates are more likely to occur in wastewater [10].…”

Section: Occurrence Of the Six Target Chemicals In Wwtpmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among them, natural estrogens daily excreted with human urine or feces are regarded as one of the main sources of EDCs in municipal wastewater [6]. Although estrogens excreted with human urine or feces have been reported mainly as the sulfate or glucuronide conjugates [7,8], the majority of them are believed to have been transformed to their free estrogens by fecal bacteria before their entry into wastewater treatment plants (WWTPs) [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Simultaneous Analysis of Natural Free Estrogens and Their Sulfate Conjugates in Wastewater

Liu

Kanjo

Mizutani

2010

CLEAN Soil Air Water

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Natural estrogens from humans increasingly attract attention because of their strong endocrine disrupting potency. The discharge of sewage water is considered as the most important source of these endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs) in the environment. Therefore, a GC-MS method was developed for the simultaneous analysis of six natural free estrogens and their sulfate conjugates in municipal wastewater, in which natural free estrogens and sulfate conjugates were successfully separated from an Oasis HLB solid phase extraction (SPE) cartridge with two different eluents, and the sulfate conjugates were then transformed to their corresponding free estrogens by acid solvolysis. Before the analysis with GC-MS, samples were derivatized by N,O-bis (trimethylsilyl) trifluoroacetamide (BSTFA) plus 1% trimethylchlorosilane (TMCS) at 808C for 40 min. Satisfactory recoveries ranging from 64 to 112.3% were obtained by spiking ultra-purified water, raw, and treated municipal wastewater with the six estrogens at 50, 100, and 50 ng/L, respectively. The method was successfully applied to wastewater samples from one WWTP, which suggested that E1 was the dominant natural estrogens in effluent and E3-3S was one of the conjugates possibly occurring in the effluent.

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Urinary excretion rates of natural estrogens and androgens from humans, and their occurrence and fate in the environment: A review

Cited by 168 publications

References 85 publications

Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment

Steroids in a typical swine farm and their release into the environment

Simultaneous Analysis of Natural Free Estrogens and Their Conjugates in Wastewater by GC‐MS

Simultaneous Analysis of Natural Free Estrogens and Their Sulfate Conjugates in Wastewater

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