Urinary Fluoride Excretion in Children with Low Fluoride Intake or Consuming Fluoridated Salt

Abstract

The purpose of this study was to compare urinary fluoride excretion with fluoride ingestion in children who had either a low fluoride intake or received supplemental fluoride through salt or water. The urinary samples were collected in two ways. In procedure A, urine was collected in the morning, at noon and during the afternoon. This covered a continuous period of approximately 7 h from the beginning to the end of the school day. In procedure B, morning, afternoon and night samples were collected. The morning and afternoon samples were obtained under supervision at school. Procedure B was more useful than procedure A for monitoring salt fluoridation projects. Children with a history of low fluoride intake excreted a mean of 10 μg F/h during the night and the morning, but 13–16 μg F/h after the main meal. Children in a water-fluoridated town or in comprehensive salt fluoridation programs excreted between 19 and 33 μg F/h. However, after the intake of meals prepared with fluoridated salt (250 ppm F) the mean excretion of fluoride ranged between 31 and 49 μg F/h. The levels of excretion corresponded with the levels of fluoride intake and meal patterns in the various groups.

Fluoride Concentrations of Unstimulated Whole and Labial Gland Saliva in Young Adults after Fluoride Intake with Milk

“…Intake of 2.5 mg of fluoride with milk resulted in a further increase in urinary fluoride excretion compared with 1 mg fluoride intake. The fluoride concentration of centrifuged UWS and the urinary fluoride excretion baseline data in this experiment showed good agreement with previous data [Marthaler et al, 1995;Kolesnik, 1998;Twetman et al, 1998]. Earlier studies had also shown that after consumption of milk containing 1 mg fluoride the plasma fluoride peak occurs at 30 min, which is followed by the urinary fluoride peak at 60 min [Toumba et al, 1996].…”

Total Fluoride Intake and Urinary Excretion in German Children Aged 3–6 Years

“…Measuring the fluoride excreted in urine [Rugg-Gunn et al, 1993;Marthaler et al, 1995Marthaler et al, , 2000 is another well-established method of assessing fluoride exposure of a population or of quantifying the daily fluoride intake in children. Based on older studies, it was assumed that under stable fluoride exposure urinary fluoride excretion was about 50% of the intake in adults and 30% in children [Murray et al, 1991].…”

Evaluation of a New Intraoral Controlled Fluoride Release Device

“…0.05) between the morning and evening urinary fluoride concentrations may be accepted as normal as evening values might reflect the dietary fluoride intake of a whole day. However, Marthaler et al [1995] found no difference between the evening and morning urinary fluoride values in children with a history of low fluoride intake.…”

“…It is stated that the major variable that affects the rate of fluoride uptake by bone is age and skeletal development, indicating that the amount of fluoride taken up by bone and retained in the body is inversely related to age [Whitford, 1990]. Although the urinary fluoride concentration indicates the fluoride ingestion via dietary supplements [Warpeha and Marthaler, 1995;Marthaler et al, 1995], Mellberg and Ripa [1983] stated that urinary fluoride levels in children were lower than in adults, as most of the F is bound to the developing skeleton. However, Kula et al [1987] and Cain et al [1994] preferred to work with adolescent subjects in their controlled fluoride release studies.…”