Urinary Fluoride Levels Associated with Use of Fluoridated Waters

Urine was collected over 24 h from children aged 4 years in Sri Lanka and England. Fifty-three children were from Dambulla, Sri Lanka, and 44 from Newcastle, England, both localities receiving drinking water containing 0.8–1.1 mg F/l. Urine volume was measured immediately after the 24-hour collection and samples of the collection from each child were frozen for transportation prior to ‘blind’ analysis in one laboratory for fluoride content. The mean 24-hour urine volumes were 504 ml (SD 198) in Sri Lanka and 449 ml (SD 196) in England (p = 0.17). The mean F concentrations were 1.19 ppm (SD0.63) in Sri Lanka and 1.02 ppm (SD 0.42) in England (p = 0.12). The mean weights of fluoride excreted were 0.55 mg F/day (SD 0.30) in Sri Lanka and 0.42 mgF/day (SD 0.19) in England (p = 0.009). The distributions of weight of fluoride excreted were also dissimilar in shape between the two countries. The extent to which these small differences in fluoride excretion in urine reflect differences in fluoride intake needs to be investigated.

Section: Discussionsupporting

confidence: 79%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Fluoride Excretion in 4-Year-Old Children in Sri Lanka and England

Rugg-Gunn

Nunn²,

Ekanayake³

et al. 1993

“…In regions with constant fluoride levels in the drinking water ranging from 0.5 to 4 ppm F. children and adults had urinary fluoride concentra tions similar to those in the drinking water Zipkin et al, 1956;Toth, 1984], This direct relation ship between the fluoride concentration of the water fluo ride and that o f the urine was subsequently confirmed by concentration (such as sardines or certain 'health foods') [Siebcrt and Trautner, 1985] elevates the urinary fluoride concentration, thus evoking the idea o f high fluoride inges tion. Conversely, relatively low urinary concentrations of fluoride may occur after consuming food prepared with flu oridated salt but drinking large amounts o f low-fluoride liq uids at the same meal.…”

mentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Fluoride Excretion in Children with Low Fluoride Intake or Consuming Fluoridated Salt

Marthaler¹,

Steiner²,

Menghini³

et al. 1995

The purpose of this study was to compare urinary fluoride excretion with fluoride ingestion in children who had either a low fluoride intake or received supplemental fluoride through salt or water. The urinary samples were collected in two ways. In procedure A, urine was collected in the morning, at noon and during the afternoon. This covered a continuous period of approximately 7 h from the beginning to the end of the school day. In procedure B, morning, afternoon and night samples were collected. The morning and afternoon samples were obtained under supervision at school. Procedure B was more useful than procedure A for monitoring salt fluoridation projects. Children with a history of low fluoride intake excreted a mean of 10 μg F/h during the night and the morning, but 13–16 μg F/h after the main meal. Children in a water-fluoridated town or in comprehensive salt fluoridation programs excreted between 19 and 33 μg F/h. However, after the intake of meals prepared with fluoridated salt (250 ppm F) the mean excretion of fluoride ranged between 31 and 49 μg F/h. The levels of excretion corresponded with the levels of fluoride intake and meal patterns in the various groups.

“…The studies of Likins et al [1956] in adults drinking water at 8.0 ppm F and for 27 months after adjustment to 1.0 ppm demonstrated clearly that skeletal F stored while drinking the high-F water was still being mobilized more than 2 years after water adjustment. Zipkin et al [1956] found that as early as 1 week after water F levels were adjusted from 0.1-0.3 to 1.0 ppm children and adults were respond ing differently. After 6 weeks, the adults' urinary F level had reached the 1.0-ppm level, but children required 3-5 years to at tain this level.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Urinary Fluoride Concentration in 6- to 9-Year-Old Children Drinking Water with a Very Low Fluoride Level

Shannon¹,

Sanders²

1979

Midmorning urine samples were collected from 623 first- and second-grade children in four elementary schools. The mean for water F content in the residential area from which the population was drawn was 0.024 ppm (55 samples). The mean urine F concentration for all subjects was 0.42 ppm (SD = 0.22). There were no significant differences in urine F levels as a factor of sex or age. Children living in the area for no more than 1 year excreted significantly higher levels of F in the urine than did the longer-resident youngsters. This is attributed to their probable exposure to higher F levels in drinking water prior to moving into this low-F area. The urine F mean was 17.5 times that of the drinking water F. Urine F measurements, therefore, cannot be taken as indicative of F content of drinking water when the concentration in water is very low.