Urinary iodine percentile ranges in the United States

Soldin, Offie P.; Soldin, Steven J.; Pezzullo, John C.

doi:10.1016/s0009-8981(02)00429-1

Cited by 42 publications

(14 citation statements)

References 16 publications

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“…The fluctuations in UI concentrations in a population reflect changes in iodine nutritional status resulting from changes in societal and commercial practices that in the US are largely unrecognized and unregulated. The urinary iodide reference ranges have recently been calculated [53]. The fluctuations within individuals can be the result of differences in daily iodine intake or in higher or lower water consumption.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controversies in urinary iodine determinations

Soldin

2002

Clinical Biochemistry

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Iodine deficiency (ID) is associated with increased prevalence of goiter, increased risk for neurodevelopmental disorders, and is the world's leading cause of intellectual deficits. Iodine nutritional status of a population is assessed by measurements of urinary iodine concentrations which are also used to define, indicate, survey and monitor iodine deficiency and consequently its treatment. Several methods are available for urinary iodine determination. Discussed here are some of the limitations and controversies related to urinary iodine determinations, and recent findings with emphasis on measurements of urinary iodine concentrations in children and during pregnancy.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Controversies in urinary iodine determinations

Soldin

2002

Clinical Biochemistry

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“…12 The 2.5th to 97.5th percentiles of UI concentrations for women of childbearing age (14 to 44 years) were 1.8-65 µg/dL (36-539 µg/g creatinine). 13 According to the same NHANES III database, 6.9% of pregnant women surveyed were moderately to severely iodine deficient (UI levels < 5 µg/dL). 12 The NHANES III files (EXAMINATION, LAB, and LAB2) were downloaded from the CDC web site.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Do Thyroxine and Thyroid-Stimulating Hormone Levels Reflect Urinary Iodine Concentrations?

Tractenberg¹,

Pezzullo²

2005

Therapeutic Drug Monitoring

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The toxicity of environmental chemicals such as nitrates, thiocynates, and perchlorates, some therapeutics, and dietary goitrogens can lower thyroidal iodine uptake and result in hypothyroidism and goiter. Iodine sufficiency, essential for normal thyroid hormone synthesis, is critical during gestation to assure that sufficient thyroxine (T 4 ) and iodine reach the developing fetus. Spot urinary iodide (UI) measurements are used globally to indicate and monitor iodine sufficiency of populations. In individuals, however, UI are not routinely measured; instead, normal serum thyroid-stimulating hormone (TSH) and T 4 concentrations serve as surrogate indicators of iodine sufficiency as well as thyroidal health. Our objective was to examine the relationship between UI concentrations and serum T 4 and TSH concentrations in individuals in an ''iodine-sufficient population.'' Using a cross-sectional sample of the US population (n = 7628) from the National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES III;-1994) database, we examined the relationship among UI, T 4 , and TSH in pregnant and nonpregnant women and in men (15-44 years). There was a lack of relationship between UI (or UI/Cr) concentrations and serum T 4 or TSH concentrations. Therefore, TSH and T 4 are not appropriate markers of UI concentrations in this population. Monitoring the status of iodine nutrition of individuals in the United States may be important because serum TSH and T 4 concentrations do not indicate low iodine status. Keywordsurinary iodine measurements; maternal thyroxine T 4 monitoring; TSH; pregnancy; iodine deficiency; prevention of neurological damage; NHANES Iodine deficiency is the world's leading cause of preventable mental impairments. 1 In accordance with WHO/UNICEF/ICCIDD recommendations, 2 UI concentration is the major 4 The optimal level of iodine intake to prevent thyroid disease may be a relatively narrow range around the recommended daily iodine intake. 5 NIH Public AccessIodine plays a central role in thyroid physiology, being both a major constituent of thyroid hormones and a regulator of thyroid gland function. Goitrogens are substances that can decrease iodine availability or interfere with its tissue utilization. This can lead to inadequate thyroid hormone production, resulting in thyroid enlargement (goiter) and hypothyroidism. Two general categories of foods that have been associated with disrupted thyroid hormone production in humans: soybeanrelated foods containing isoflavons and cruciferous vegetables containing isothiocyanates. Environmental toxins such as nitrates, thiocynates, and perchlorates may affect the amount of iodine availability for thyroid hormone synthesis. Among the drugs that interfere with iodine uptake and hormone production are lithium carbonate, methimazole (MMI), propyl-thiouracil (PTU), β blockers such as propranolol (Inderal), metoprolol (Lopressor), phenylbutazone, calcium, and fluorides in the water supply. These may be accentuated by low dietary iodine intake.Iodine intake and excr...

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“…Our potentiometric methodology expresses UIC directly in μ mol/L according to the guidelines of the International System of Units, but results can easily be transformed in μ g/L after multiplication for the molecular weight of iodine (126.9 Dalton). Observation of Table 1 reveals that median UIC in not exposed patients (688 μ g/L) is about 2 -3 times higher than the upper range of the normal values obtained with the Sandell-Kolthoff reaction (300 μ g/L) [3,37] and that the higher limit of the 95% confidence interval (2376 μ g/L) is about eight times higher. This apparent bias is most likely due to the fact that acid environment of urine favors the formation of the anionic form I -against the neutral molecular form I 2 .…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 81%