Urinary metabolites of phosphate flame retardants in workers occupied with e-waste recycling and incineration

Xiao, Yan; Zheng, Xiaobo; Wang, Meihuan; Zheng, Jing; Xu, Rong; Xi, Zhaodong; Ying, Lin; Ren, Mingchun

doi:10.1016/j.chemosphere.2018.02.148

Cited by 20 publications

(13 citation statements)

References 35 publications

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“…Negative correlations were determined between age and urinary concentrations of each OPFR metabolite, and for bis(2-chloroethyl) phosphate (BCEP), bis(1-chloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BCIPP), bis (1,3-dichloro-2-propyl) phosphate (BDCIPP), and diphenyl phosphate (DPHP), the negative correlations were significant (Lu et al, 2017). These are similar to results reported by Yan et al (2018) of significantly higher concentrations of BCEP in urine samples from the 21-30 age group than the older age groups. This might indicate higher exposure of younger people.…”

Section: Human Urinesupporting

confidence: 83%

“…In addition to assessments of external exposure, internal human exposure to HFRs and OPFRs has also been frequently examined in various informal e-waste dismantling and recycling areas, with human blood and serum (Chen et al, 2015;Eguchi et al, 2015;Guo et al, 2020;Lv et al, 2015;Schecter et al, 2018), human hair (Chen et al, 2015;Liang et al, 2016;Qiao et al, 2019), human milk (Awasthi et al, 2016;Li et al, 2017;Shi et al, 2018), and human urine (Bai et al, 2019;Lu et al, 2017;Shi et al, 2019;Yan et al, 2018) being the most commonly used biomarkers. An overview of recent studies (i.e.…”

Section: Human Internal Exposure To Hfrs and Opfrs At Informal E-waste Handling Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…OPFR metabolites have been measured in human urine samples from e-waste recyclers, including those of both chlorinated and non-chlorinated OPFRs (Bai et al, 2019;Lu et al, 2017;Shi et al, 2019;Yan et al, 2018). For instance, Lu et al (2017) found urinary concentrations of chlorinated and non-chlorinated OPFR metabolites in an e-waste impacted area in Qingyuan, China (mean: 4.0 ng/mL for chlorinated OPFR metabolites and 2.3 ng/mL for non-chlorinated OPFR metabolites) exceeded significantly those in subjects from a rural area (mean: 2.1 ng/mL for chlorinated OPFR metabolites and 0.74 ng/mL for non-chlorinated OPFR metabolites), suggesting substantial human exposure to OPFRs through e-waste handling activities.…”

Section: Human Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…This discrepancy could be explained by the different sampling methodologies adopted. In particular, only residents (and no e-waste workers) were sampled by Lu et al (2017), while only e-waste recyclers were sampled by Yan et al (2018), which means the difference between occupational and non-occupational exposure was not considered. However, the results reported by Shi et al (2019) could be explained by high occupational exposure of adults since the children were not involved in e-waste recycling activities.…”

Section: Human Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

See 3 more Smart Citations

Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Stubbings

Cline‐Cole

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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Section: Human Urinesupporting

confidence: 83%

Section: Human Internal Exposure To Hfrs and Opfrs At Informal E-waste Handling Sitesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Human Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

See 2 more Smart Citations

Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Stubbings

Cline‐Cole

et al. 2021

Environmental Pollution

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“…There is a growing interest in the role that e-waste plays in occupational exposure to workers employed in electronics manufacturing and recycling. Metabolites of OPFRs have been detected in urine of e-waste recycling workers and nearby residents and parent OPFRs in eggs produced near e-waste recycling sites . Previously unidentified pollutants have been recently discovered in e-waste dust, such as 1,4,5,6,7,7-hexachloro- N -ethyl-bicyclo[2,2,1]hept-5-en-2,3-dicarboximide, tris(2,4-di- tert butylphenyl) phosphate (TDTBPP), and several resorcinol bis(diphenylphosphate) (RDP) analogues .…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Data-Independent Identification of Suspected Organic Pollutants Using Gas Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–Mass Spectrometry

et al. 2020

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The identity of an unknown environmental pollutant is reflected by the mass and dissociation chemistry of its (quasi)molecular ion. Gas chromatography–atmospheric pressure chemical ionization–mass spectrometry (GC-APCI-MS) increases the yield of molecular ions (compared to conventional electron ionization) by collisional cooling. Scanning quadrupole data-independent acquisition (SQDIA) permits unbiased, unattended selection of (quasi)molecular ions and acquisition of structure-diagnostic collision-induced dissociation mass spectra, while minimizing interferences, by sequentially cycling a quadrupole isolation window through the m/z range. This study reports on the development of a suspect screening method based on industrial compounds with bioaccumulation potential. A comparison of false and correct identifications in a mixed standard containing 30 analytes suggests that SQDIA results in a markedly lower false-positive rate than standard DIA: 5 for SQDIA and 82 for DIA. Electronic waste dust was analyzed using GC and quadrupole time-of-flight MS with APCI and SQDIA acquisition. A total of 52 brominated, chlorinated, and organophosphorus compounds were identified by suspect screening; 15 unique elemental compositions were identified using nontargeted screening; 17 compounds were confirmed using standards and others identified to confidence levels 2, 3, or 4. SQDIA reduced false-positive identifications, compared to experiments without quadrupole isolation. False positives also varied by class: 20% for Br, 37% for Cl, 75% for P, and >99% for all other classes. The structure proposal of a previously reported halogenated compound was revisited. The results underline the utility of GC-SQDIA experiments that provide information on both the (quasi)molecular ions and its dissociation products for a more confident structural assignment.

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Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

et al. 2018

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Organophosphate triesters (PEFRs) are used increasingly as flame retardants and plasticizers in a variety of applications, such as building materials, textiles, and electric and electronic equipment. They have been proposed as alternatives to brominated flame retardants. This updated review shows that biomonitoring has gained incrementally greater importance in evaluating human exposure to PEFRs, and it holds the advantage of taking into account the multiple potential sources and various intake pathways of PEFRs. Simultaneous and extensive internal exposure to a broad range of PEFRs have been reported worldwide. Their metabolites, mainly dialkyl or diaryl diesters, have been used as biomarkers of exposure and have been ubiquitously detected in the urine of adults and children in the general population. Concentrations and profiles of PEFR urinary metabolites are seen to be variable and are highly dependent on individual and environmental factors, including age, country regulation of flame retardants, and types and quantities of emissions in microenvironments, as well as analytical procedures. Additional large biomonitoring studies, using a broad range of urinary diesters and hydroxylated metabolites, would be useful to improve the validity of the biomarkers and to refine assessments of human exposure to PEFRs.

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Urinary metabolites of phosphate flame retardants in workers occupied with e-waste recycling and incineration

Cited by 20 publications

References 35 publications

Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Human exposure to halogenated and organophosphate flame retardants through informal e-waste handling activities - A critical review

Data-Independent Identification of Suspected Organic Pollutants Using Gas Chromatography–Atmospheric Pressure Chemical Ionization–Mass Spectrometry

Recent biomonitoring reports on phosphate ester flame retardants: a short review

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