Urinary Porphyrin Excretion in Neurotypical and Autistic Children

Woods, James S.; Armel, Sarah; Fulton, Denise; Allen, Jason; Wessels, Kristine; Simmonds, P. Lynne; Granpeesheh, Doreen; Mumper, Elizabeth; Bradstreet, James Jeffrey; Echeverria, Diana; Heyer, Nicholas J.; Rooney, James

doi:10.1289/ehp.0901713

Cited by 34 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 37 publications

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“…Four uncontrolled case series 126 , 127 , 128 , 129 and seven case–control studies 114 , 130 , 131 , 132 , 133 , 134 , 135 have reported abnormal urinary porphyrin concentrations in children with ASD. One study reported that urinary porphyrin levels were strong predictors of ASD.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review

Rossignol¹,

2014

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Although the involvement of genetic abnormalities in autism spectrum disorders (ASD) is well-accepted, recent studies point to an equal contribution by environmental factors, particularly environmental toxicants. However, these toxicant-related studies in ASD have not been systematically reviewed to date. Therefore, we compiled publications investigating potential associations between environmental toxicants and ASD and arranged these publications into the following three categories: (a) studies examining estimated toxicant exposures in the environment during the preconceptional, gestational and early childhood periods; (b) studies investigating biomarkers of toxicants; and (c) studies examining potential genetic susceptibilities to toxicants. A literature search of nine electronic scientific databases through November 2013 was performed. In the first category examining ASD risk and estimated toxicant exposures in the environment, the majority of studies (34/37; 92%) reported an association. Most of these studies were retrospective case–control, ecological or prospective cohort studies, although a few had weaker study designs (for example, case reports or series). Toxicants implicated in ASD included pesticides, phthalates, polychlorinated biphenyls (PCBs), solvents, toxic waste sites, air pollutants and heavy metals, with the strongest evidence found for air pollutants and pesticides. Gestational exposure to methylmercury (through fish exposure, one study) and childhood exposure to pollutants in water supplies (two studies) were not found to be associated with ASD risk. In the second category of studies investigating biomarkers of toxicants and ASD, a large number was dedicated to examining heavy metals. Such studies demonstrated mixed findings, with only 19 of 40 (47%) case–control studies reporting higher concentrations of heavy metals in blood, urine, hair, brain or teeth of children with ASD compared with controls. Other biomarker studies reported that solvent, phthalate and pesticide levels were associated with ASD, whereas PCB studies were mixed. Seven studies reported a relationship between autism severity and heavy metal biomarkers, suggesting evidence of a dose–effect relationship. Overall, the evidence linking biomarkers of toxicants with ASD (the second category) was weaker compared with the evidence associating estimated exposures to toxicants in the environment and ASD risk (the first category) because many of the biomarker studies contained small sample sizes and the relationships between biomarkers and ASD were inconsistent across studies. Regarding the third category of studies investigating potential genetic susceptibilities to toxicants, 10 unique studies examined polymorphisms in genes associated with increased susceptibilities to toxicants, with 8 studies reporting that such polymorphisms were more common in ASD individuals (or their mothers, 1 study) compared with controls (one study examined multiple polymorphisms). Genes implicated in these studies included paraoxonase (PON1, three of five...

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review

Rossignol¹,

2014

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“…Moreover, mitochondrial dysfunctions and changes in porphyrin metabolism have also been reported to occur with higher frequency among ASD patients than in general populations (Rossignol and Frye, 2012;Woods et al, 2010).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Prenatal antidepressant exposure and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. Are we looking at the fall of Gods?

Gentile

2015

Journal of Affective Disorders

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“…Increased urinary coproporhyrin (cP), pentacoproporphyrin (5cxP), and the presence of precoprpophyrin (prcP), an atypical porphyrin, which is not found in the urine of unexposed controls, proved Hg toxicity and Hg body burden. Finally, relationships between ASD severity and porphyrin biomarkers of Hg exposure have been described [ 71 , 91 , 92 ].…”

Section: Edcs and Neurodevelopmental Diseases In Humans: Focus On mentioning

confidence: 99%

Current Knowledge on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) from Animal Biology to Humans, from Pregnancy to Adulthood: Highlights from a National Italian Meeting

Street

Angelini

Bernasconi

et al. 2018

IJMS

207

136

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Wildlife has often presented and suggested the effects of endocrine disrupting chemicals (EDCs). Animal studies have given us an important opportunity to understand the mechanisms of action of many chemicals on the endocrine system and on neurodevelopment and behaviour, and to evaluate the effects of doses, time and duration of exposure. Although results are sometimes conflicting because of confounding factors, epidemiological studies in humans suggest effects of EDCs on prenatal growth, thyroid function, glucose metabolism and obesity, puberty, fertility, and on carcinogenesis mainly through epigenetic mechanisms. This manuscript reviews the reports of a multidisciplinary national meeting on this topic.

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Urinary Porphyrin Excretion in Neurotypical and Autistic Children

Cited by 34 publications

References 37 publications

Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review

Environmental toxicants and autism spectrum disorders: a systematic review

Prenatal antidepressant exposure and the risk of autism spectrum disorders in children. Are we looking at the fall of Gods?

Current Knowledge on Endocrine Disrupting Chemicals (EDCs) from Animal Biology to Humans, from Pregnancy to Adulthood: Highlights from a National Italian Meeting

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