Urinary purine derivates excretion as an indicator of in vivo microbial N flow in cattle: A review

Tas, B.M.; Susenbeth, A.

doi:10.1016/j.livsci.2007.05.010

Cited by 55 publications

(67 citation statements)

References 90 publications

(178 reference statements)

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Section: Urea In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…allantoin, uric acid, xanthine and hypoxanthine. Purine bases absorbed from the gastrointestinal tract or from endogenous origin are deaminated into hypoxanthine and xanthine, which are largely converted to uric acid because of the high activity of xanthine oxidase in the intestine and liver in cattle (Tas and Susenbeth, 2007). Uric acid is partly oxidized to allantoin by uricase in the liver.…”

Section: Urea In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

“…As a product of muscle metabolism, creatinine excretion has been directly related to muscle mass and used as a urine volume marker, as diet composition has a relatively minor effect on creatinine excretion. However, there is considerable between-animal variation in creatinine excretion (Tas and Susenbeth, 2007).Hippuric acid is an acyl glycine formed in the liver by the conjugation of benzoic acid with glycine. The principal dietary precursors of benzoic acid are phenolic compounds that yield 3-phenylpropionic acid on microbial fermentation in the rumen (Martin, 1982).…”

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confidence: 99%

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Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Dijkstra

Oenema

Groenigen

et al. 2013

Animal

311

215

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Ruminant production contributes to emissions of nitrogen (N) to the environment, principally ammonia (NH 3 ), nitrous oxide (N 2 O) and di-nitrogen (N 2 ) to air, nitrate (NO 3 2 ) to groundwater and particulate N to surface waters. Variation in dietary N intake will particularly affect excretion of urinary N, which is much more vulnerable to losses than is faecal N. Our objective is to review dietary effects on the level and form of N excreted in cattle urine, as well as its consequences for emissions of N 2 O. The quantity of N excreted in urine varies widely. Urinary N excretion, in particular that of urea N, is decreased upon reduction of dietary N intake or an increase in the supply of energy to the rumen microorganisms and to the host animal itself. Most of the N in urine (from 50% to well over 90%) is present in the form of urea. Other nitrogenous components include purine derivatives (PD), hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine. Excretion of PD is related to rumen microbial protein synthesis, and that of hippuric acid to dietary concentration of degradable phenolic acids. The N concentration of cattle urine ranges from 3 to 20 g/l. High-dietary mineral levels increase urine volume and lead to reduced urinary N concentration as well as reduced urea concentration in plasma and milk. In lactating dairy cattle, variation in urine volume affects the relationship between milk urea and urinary N excretion, which hampers the use of milk urea as an accurate indicator of urinary N excretion. Following its deposition in pastures or in animal houses, ubiquitous microorganisms in soil and waters transform urinary N components into ammonium (NH 4 1 ), and thereafter into NO 3 2 and ultimately in N 2 accompanied with the release of N 2 O. Urinary hippuric acid, creatine and creatinine decompose more slowly than urea. Hippuric acid may act as a natural inhibitor of N 2 O emissions, but inhibition conditions have not been defined properly yet. Environmental and soil conditions at the site of urine deposition or manure application strongly influence N 2 O release. Major dietary strategies to mitigating N 2 O emission from cattle operations include reducing dietary N content or increasing energy content, and increasing dietary mineral content to increase urine volume. For further reduction of N 2 O emission, an integrated animal nutrition and excreta management approach is required.Keywords: nitrogen, urine, cattle, nitrous oxide, mitigation ImplicationsCattle contribute to global warming through emission of nitrous oxide (N 2 O) from urine and faeces. Urinary nitrogen (N) is much more susceptible to gaseous losses than faecal N. To reduce urinary N excretion and N 2 O emission and improve N efficiency of cattle, dietary levels of N should be decreased and an optimal balance between N and energy substrates in the diet should be aimed at. Increasing urine volume by increased dietary mineral contents appears a promising N 2 O mitigation strategy, particularly in pasture. Further reduction of effective mitigation strategies...

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Section: Urea In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Urea In Urinementioning

confidence: 99%

mentioning

confidence: 99%

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Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Dijkstra

Oenema

Groenigen

et al. 2013

Animal

311

215

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“…Urine samples were thawed and a week composite sample was obtained from each cow for analysis of allantoin, uric acid and creatinine (CT) by chromatography (HPLC). Urinary PD was measured as described by Tas and Susenbeth (2007). Urine volume was estimated using creatinine concentration as a marker and assuming a daily creatinine excretion of 26 mg kg -1 of BW -0.75 (Tas and Susenbeth 2007).…”

Section: Experimental Procedures and Samplingmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Among the purine derivatives, allantoin (A) is the most important in cattle and it is excreted in constant proportion to other purine derivatives. It can be used to estimate rumen microbial protein (Tas and Susenbeth 2007). Production efficiency of lactating dairy cows is optimal when the synthesis of microbial protein in the rumen is maximized (Bargo et al 2003).…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of increasing pasture allowance and concentrate supplementation on animal performance and microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows

et al. 2013

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Reproductive health of the sow during puerperium

Björkman

Kauffold

Kaiser

2022

Molecular Reproduction Devel

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The modern hyperprolific sow is susceptible to metabolic disease and chronic inflammation. The most sensitive phase is parturition, when the sow experiences systemic inflammation and stress, and major changes in metabolism and endocrinology. Resolution of inflammation and stress needs to happen quickly to ensure good reproductive health during puerperium. If the sow fails to adapt to these changes, puerperal disease may occur. The economically most important puerperal disease complex is the postpartum dysgalactia syndrome (PPDS). Other puerperal diseases include infections of the urogenital tract. Diagnosis of PPDS and urogenital disease on‐farm is challenging but several diagnostic methods, including clinical examination, behavioral observations, ultrasonography and biomarkers are available. Ultrasonography is an excellent tool for monitoring the health of the urogenital tract, the mammary gland, and uterine involution and guide further diagnostic interventions. Biomarkers such as Chromogranin A, tumor necrosis factor‐α, and interleukin‐6 represent promising tools to monitor general health and the systemic state of inflammation and oxidative stress of the sow. Nonsteroidal anti‐inflammatory drugs, dopamine antagonists, and oxytocin are promising to address the symptoms of PPDS. Reducing of stress, improving nutrition and intestinal health, and supporting animal welfare‐friendly husbandry help in the prevention of PPDS.

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Urinary purine derivates excretion as an indicator of in vivo microbial N flow in cattle: A review

Cited by 55 publications

References 90 publications

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Diet effects on urine composition of cattle and N2O emissions

Effect of increasing pasture allowance and concentrate supplementation on animal performance and microbial protein synthesis in dairy cows

Reproductive health of the sow during puerperium

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