“…Urine contains a lot of analytes, such as DAN, RNA, metabolites, and proteins. Due to the biomarkers in urine, urine tests are widely used in hospitals for urinary lithiasis, urinary tract infections, kidney disease, urinary tract infections, diabetes, liver problems, and genitourinary cancers [260][261][262][263][264][265][266]. Urinalysis can be divided into urine sediment analysis, urine culture, and urine chemical analysis.…”