Uropathogenic Escherichia coli in urinary tract infections: A review on epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatments and prevention

Abstract

Urinary tract infections (UTIs) are common pathological conditions observed in hospital settings and communities. Uropathogenic Escherichia coli (UPEC) is the causative agent of most of the UTIs, such as pyelonephritis and cystitis. The infectious complications may cause acute renal failure affecting both the healthy and renal transplant patient's. The untreated patients with UTI may exhibit septicemia and bacteremia. Furthermore, the multidrug resistance patterns of UPEC may result in severe septic shock. Factors that contribute to the pathogenesis of UPEC include; secreted proteins, haemolysins, capsule, lipopolysaccharides, biofilm, fimbriae adhesions and iron acquisition systems. In spite of several host protection mechanisms; however, UPEC may persist inside the urinary tract and serve as a reservoir of recurrent infections and complications. Early diagnosis and prompt treatment of UTI with broad spectrum antibiotics are essential before this infection causes other medical complications. Generally, in clinical settings, diagnosis of UTIs involves bacterial culture and antibiotic susceptibility assay, in addition to other medical examinations, which aid the physicians to prescribe the appropriate drugs and measures during UTIs treatments. This review aims to understand the epidemiology, pathogenesis, clinical manifestation, diagnosis, treatment and preventive measures of UTIs caused by the uropathogenic E. coli.

Multi-Drug Resistant Escherichia Coli and Their Sensitivity to Oral Fosfomycin in Urinary Tract Infections: A Single-Center Experience

“…Comparatively speaking, females experience urinary tract infections at a higher rate than males. There are several UTI manifestations, ranging from mild cystitis to pyelonephritis and septicemia 16 . According to our analysis, the mean age was 37 years, with an SD of 11.27.…”

Prevalence of Colistin Pan Resistance among Multidrug-Resistant and Extensively Drug-Resistant Escherichia Coli O157:H7

“…On the other hand, if duct barriers rupture or host immunological abnormalities occur, infections may result. Fecal E.coli colonizes the urethra, travels through the urinary system, bladder, and sometimes the kidneys, and causes pyelonephritis in instances of UTI (Shrestha et al, 2022). Escherichia coli O157:H7 is a serotype of one of the Shiga like toxin producing types; it is a significant pathogen transmitted by food and water, leading to diarrhoea, hemorrhagic colitis, and hemolytic-uremic syndrome (HUS) in humans.…”

Ascaridíase: Prevalência E Gravidade Maior Em Crianças

“…O diagnóstico da infecção do trato urinário é realizado pela avaliação clínica do médico e pelos exames laboratoriais de EAS, que podem indicar a presença da infecção, e principalmente, pela urocultura, considerada padrão-ouro. com a história clínica detalhada, com a coleta de dados como idade, sexo, vida sexual e história patológica pregressa, além da anamnese, são utilizados também critérios clínicos, exames complementares e critérios microbiológicos (STAPLETON et al, 2020;YUSUF et al, 2021;KUMAR SHRESTHA et al, 2022).…”

“…O contato do jato urinário com a mucosa deve ser minimizado abrindo-se os lábios em mulheres e retraindo-se a pele do prepúcio em homens não circuncisados. Os primeiros jatos de urina são desprezados, os próximos são coletados em um frasco estéril (KUMAR SHRESTHA et al, 2022).…”

“…A presença de bactérias na ausência de piúria, em especial quando várias cepas são identificadas, geralmente é causada por contaminação durante a coleta. Hematúria microscópica ocorre em até 50% dos pacientes, mas a hematúria macroscópica é rara (KUMAR SHRESTHA et al, 2022;BALLESTEROS-MONR-REAL et al, 2023).…”