Uroscopy by Hippocrates and Theophilus: Prognosis Versus Diagnosis

Kouba, Erik; Wallen, Eric; Pruthi, Raj S.

doi:10.1016/j.juro.2006.08.111

Cited by 26 publications

(17 citation statements)

References 14 publications

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“…Indeed the analysis of urine for medical purposes dates back to ancient Egypt [21], [22], [23], [24]. Hippocrates largely legitimized the medical practice of uroscopy (the study of urine for medical diagnostics) where examination of the color, cloudiness, smell and even the taste of urine was used to identify a variety of diseases.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Urine Metabolome

et al. 2013

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Urine has long been a “favored” biofluid among metabolomics researchers. It is sterile, easy-to-obtain in large volumes, largely free from interfering proteins or lipids and chemically complex. However, this chemical complexity has also made urine a particularly difficult substrate to fully understand. As a biological waste material, urine typically contains metabolic breakdown products from a wide range of foods, drinks, drugs, environmental contaminants, endogenous waste metabolites and bacterial by-products. Many of these compounds are poorly characterized and poorly understood. In an effort to improve our understanding of this biofluid we have undertaken a comprehensive, quantitative, metabolome-wide characterization of human urine. This involved both computer-aided literature mining and comprehensive, quantitative experimental assessment/validation. The experimental portion employed NMR spectroscopy, gas chromatography mass spectrometry (GC-MS), direct flow injection mass spectrometry (DFI/LC-MS/MS), inductively coupled plasma mass spectrometry (ICP-MS) and high performance liquid chromatography (HPLC) experiments performed on multiple human urine samples. This multi-platform metabolomic analysis allowed us to identify 445 and quantify 378 unique urine metabolites or metabolite species. The different analytical platforms were able to identify (quantify) a total of: 209 (209) by NMR, 179 (85) by GC-MS, 127 (127) by DFI/LC-MS/MS, 40 (40) by ICP-MS and 10 (10) by HPLC. Our use of multiple metabolomics platforms and technologies allowed us to identify several previously unknown urine metabolites and to substantially enhance the level of metabolome coverage. It also allowed us to critically assess the relative strengths and weaknesses of different platforms or technologies. The literature review led to the identification and annotation of another 2206 urinary compounds and was used to help guide the subsequent experimental studies. An online database containing the complete set of 2651 confirmed human urine metabolite species, their structures (3079 in total), concentrations, related literature references and links to their known disease associations are freely available at http://www.urinemetabolome.ca.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Human Urine Metabolome

et al. 2013

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“…Unterschieden wurden 20 Harnfarben, die von kristallklar über kamelhaarweiß, brombeerrot, fahlgrün bis schwarz reich ten. Die Konsistenz des Harns wurde als dünn, mittelmäßig oder dickflüssig be schrieben [13].…”

Section: Schlüsselwörterunclassified

Einfache und effektive Beurteilung der Anastomose nach radikaler retropubischer Prostatektomie

Schenck

Schneider

2010

Urologe

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After radical prostatectomy, urinary extravasation at the anastomosis is common. Nevertheless, no data exist regarding the optimal time for catheter removal at the time of expected complete healing of the leakage. Therefore, over the last 10 years we have developed a standardized way to check the healing of the anastomosis. From 1999 to 2008, 1,479 radical prostatectomies were performed. Of those, 752 could be evaluated using the standardized method of checking the anastomosis for complete healing. All patients were postoperatively evaluated by cystogram. The date for checking the anastomosis/extravasation was determined by the color of the urine (cloudy, clear, or bloody). In the 752 evaluated patients (mean age 64 years), urinary extravasation was detected 2-8 days postoperatively in 41%, 9-12 days postoperatively in 16%, and in no patient 21 days postoperatively. The measured volume of urinary extravasation after 2-8 days postoperatively was 15 ml (3-49 ml) using cystogram evaluation. After 9-12 days, the volume was determined by cystogram to be 9 ml (3-24 ml). Macroscopic evaluation of the urinary color correlated very well with the likelihood of extravasation still being present. When the urine was cloudy or colored by old blood, extravasation was present in 86% of the patients (predictive value 0.99, specificity 97%). Microscopic evaluation of the urine on the same day showed that significant leukocyturia or hematuria correlated with persistent extravasation in 49% of the patients (sensitivity 98%, specificity 34%). The transurethral catheter remained in place for a mean of 7.9 days (4-31 days). After radical prostatectomy, the macroscopic color of the urine is evaluated as a single criterion for determining the time for assessing for possible persisting leakage of the anastomosis. Microscopic urine evaluation is less effective.

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“…Though considered a waste product of the body, it has great value as a diagnostic biofluid [1][2][3]. Organic acidemias are a heterogeneous group of Inborn errors of metabolism in which a specific enzyme is defective or absent in metabolic pathway [4][5][6][7][8].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Solid Phase Extraction for Urinary Organic Acids: A Comparative Study from a Resource Constraint Setting

et al. 2016

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Pre analytical process of extraction for accurate detection of organic acids is a crucial step in diagnosis of organic acidemias by GCMS analysis. This process is accomplished either by solid phase extraction (SPE) or by liquid-liquid extraction (LLE). Both extraction procedures are used in different metabolic laboratories all over the world. In this study we compared these two extraction procedures in respect of precision, accuracy, percent recovery of metabolites, number of metabolites isolated, time and cost in a resource constraint setup. We observed that the mean recovery from SPE was 84.1 % and by LLE it was 77.4 % (p value \0.05). Moreover, the average number of metabolites isolated by SPE and LLE was 161.8 ± 18.6 and 140.1 ± 20.4 respectively. The processing cost of LLE was economical. In a cost constraint setting using LLE may be the practical option if used for organic acid analysis.

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Uroscopy by Hippocrates and Theophilus: Prognosis Versus Diagnosis

Cited by 26 publications

References 14 publications

The Human Urine Metabolome

The Human Urine Metabolome

Einfache und effektive Beurteilung der Anastomose nach radikaler retropubischer Prostatektomie

Liquid–Liquid Extraction and Solid Phase Extraction for Urinary Organic Acids: A Comparative Study from a Resource Constraint Setting

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