US adults' fruit and vegetable intakes, 1989 to 1991: a revised baseline for the Healthy People 2000 objective.

Krebs‐Smith, Susan M.; Cook, Angela; Subar, Amy F.; Cleveland, Linda; Friday, James

doi:10.2105/ajph.85.12.1623

Cited by 210 publications

(90 citation statements)

References 5 publications

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“…More recent data from NHANES III showed that 25% of women and 33% of men reported consuming fewer than 2.5 daily servings of vegetables and fruits (Life Sciences Research Of®ce, 1995). Using the 1989 ± 1991 CSFII, Krebs-Smith et al (1995) reported that American men and women consumed, on average, 4.3 daily servings of vegetables and fruits. Overall, we found that men had a mean intake of 5.7 servings of vegetables and fruit, while women had an average of 4.6 daily servings.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

2000

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Objective: To determine vitamin C intakes among adults and to identify differences in dietary intake associated with vitamin C consumption. Design: This cross-sectional study compared vitamin C intake, nutrient intake, and food group choices of adults with low (`30 mgad), marginal (30 ± 60 mgad), and desirable ( b 60 mgad) vitamin C intakes. Subjects: Data from 2472 men and 2334 women aged 25 ± 75 y were obtained from the 1994 ± 1996 Continuing Survey of Food Intakes by Individuals (CSFII). Results: Overall, 18% of the sample had low vitamin C intakes, 24% had marginal intakes, and 58% had desirable intakes. In addition to consuming less vitamin C, adults with low vitamin C intakes consumed signi®cantly less (P 0.001) energy-adjusted (ie nutrienta1000 kcal) folate, ®ber, b-carotene, and vitamin B 6 , and signi®cantly more (P`0.001) fat. Compared to adults with low intakes, adults with desirable vitamin C intakes consumed signi®cantly more (P 0.001) high-vitamin C fruit juice and low-vitamin C vegetables, while consuming signi®cantly less (P 0.009) soft drinks, coffeeatea and alcoholic beverages. On average, adults with desirable vitamin C intakes consumed more than ®ve daily servings of vegetables and fruits, of which more than one was citrus. Adults with low and marginal vitamin C intakes consumed less than one-®fth of a serving of citrus. Conclusions: A considerable number of adults under-consume vitamin C and total vegetables and fruits. Nutritionists should continue to promote ®ve to nine daily servings of vegetables and fruits, at least one of which should be rich in vitamin C.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

2000

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“…They consider only the frequency of consumption in times per day, without taking into account different serving sizes across sites. Accordingly, individuals who consumed fruits and vegetables at recommended frequencies (ie greater than 2 and greater than 3 timesaday, respectively) were de®ned as high consumers (Krebs-Smith et al, 1995;Wright et al, 1994). Basic data on daily individual energy and nutrient intakes were derived from the local dietary assessments (Table 1).…”

Section: Harmonization Of Dietary Datamentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary patterns in six European populations: results from EURALIM, a collaborative European data harmonization and information campaign

et al. 2000

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Objective: To determine and describe the extent to which European dietary data collected in disparate surveys can be meaningfully compared. Design: Seven independent population-based surveys from six European countries were initially included. Differences in study designs and methodological approaches were examined. Risk factor data for 31,289 adults aged 40±59 y were harmonized and pooled in a common, centralized database. Results: Direct comparisons of dietary measures across studies were not deemed appropriate due to methodological heterogeneity. Nonetheless, comparisons of intra-population contrasts by gender across sites were considered valid. Women consumed fruit and vegetables more often than men. Age-standardized gender differences in the prevalence of low fruit and vegetable consumption ranged from 7 to 18% and 5 to 15%, respectively. Data on energy intake showed good agreement across study populations. The proportion of total energy from macronutrients was similar for women and men. Gender differences for relative intakes of saturated fatty acids (percentage energy) were small and only in France were they signi®cant. Dietary ®bre density was signi®cantly higher in women than in men. Overall, the participating Southern European populations from Italy and Spain exhibited more healthful food composition patterns. Conclusions: Contrasts in dietary patterns by gender across populations may provide the basis for health promotion campaigns. The most favourable patterns observed may serve as attainable goals for other populations. An international risk factor surveillance programme based upon locally run, good quality studies has the potential to provide the needed data. Sponsorship: European Community (DG V), project 96CVVF3-446-0; Swiss Federal Of®ce for Education and Science, OFES 96.0089.

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“…In the third study (Krebs-Smith et al, 1995), the proportion of subjects eating 5 or more servings per day was 32.1%. Men had higher consumption than women, and age and education were associated with a higher intake of V&F. When comparing dietary data from different studies, several factors must be taken into account, among them the population from which data are obtained and the instrument used to assess diet.…”

Section: Fruit and Vegetable Intake In Spainmentioning

confidence: 91%

“…One nutrition survey from Spain (Moreno-Sueskun, 1993) was also based on the DH, another was based on both two 24-h recall and one FFQ (Aranzeta et al, 1990), while the remaining survey (Violan et al, 1991) was based on a single 24-h recall carried out over a period of 3 months in the spring±summer season. One study from the United States (Krebs-Smith et al, 1995) was also based on 24-h recall. Both instruments share the disadvantages of methods based on memory.…”

Section: Fruit and Vegetable Intake In Spainmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary intake of vegetables and fruits among adults in five regions of Spain

et al. 1999

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Objective: To assess the consumption of vegetables and fruits (V&F) in adults from ®ve regions in Spain according to sex, age and educational level. Design: Cross-sectional study within the members of the EPIC cohort in Spain. Setting: Three regions of the north of Spain (Asturias, Guipu Âzcoa and Navarra) and two regions of the south of Spain (Granada and Murcia). Subjects: 41 448 healthy volunteers (15 365 men, 25813 women), aged 29±69 y. Interventions: Information on habitual diet during the previous year was collected by means of a computerised version of a diet history questionnaire. Results: Among men, the mean daily consumption of vegetables and of fruits was 273.7 g (3.4 servings) and 348.3 g (4.4 servings) respectively. Among women, the corresponding vegetables and fruit intakes per day were 244.4 g (3.1 servings) and 349.4 g (4.4 servings). The total V&F intake tended to increase with age and educational level. Overall, 74% of subjects consumed 400 gad (5 servings) of vegetables and fruit. Conclusions: Consumption of vegetables and fruits in healthy adults in Spain is considerably higher than in most European countries and the United States; this complies with what is considered to be the Mediterranean diet. Despite some regional differences, there were no clearly differentiated patterns of V&F intake between southern and northern regions within Spain.

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US adults' fruit and vegetable intakes, 1989 to 1991: a revised baseline for the Healthy People 2000 objective.

Cited by 210 publications

References 5 publications

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

Low intakes of vegetables and fruits, especially citrus fruits, lead to inadequate vitamin C intakes among adults

Dietary patterns in six European populations: results from EURALIM, a collaborative European data harmonization and information campaign

Dietary intake of vegetables and fruits among adults in five regions of Spain

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