US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review

Cowardin, Lewis M.; Golet, Francis C.

doi:10.1007/bf00045196

Cited by 78 publications

(54 citation statements)

References 7 publications

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“…The classification was based on National Wetlands Inventory (NWI) techniques (Cowardin and Golet 1995) and identified the dominant and subordinate strata in each wetland, along with modifiers for hydrology and disturbance (by beavers, etc.). For our purposes, we lumped the wetlands into six major groups: Emergent Marshes (EM), Forested Swamps (FS), ''Dry'' Deciduous Shrub Swamps (DDSS), ''Wet'' Deciduous Shrub Swamps (WDSS), ''Dry'' Evergreen Shrub Swamps (DESS), and ''Wet'' Evergreen Shrub Swamps (WESS) (Table 2).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatially explicit model of iron loading to lakes

et al. 2006

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Terrestrial and aquatic ecosystems are intimately linked by the export of elements from watersheds. Although export is influenced by land cover within watersheds, few models evaluate how the spatial configuration of land cover influences loading. In this study we examined spatial variation of land cover at a 10 ϫ 10 m resolution by developing a mass balance, maximum likelihood model of lake iron (Fe) concentrations in 93 watersheds. The model estimated lake iron concentrations based on loading, within-lake processes and losses. Two models were developed. One considered loading from eight land cover types, whereas the second model included the distance of each grid cell to account for Fe losses along flow paths to the lake. In-lake production and losses were accounted for as a function of lake area, water color, and discharge. If we treated watersheds as homogeneous source areas, export was estimated as 450 mg Fe m Ϫ2 yr Ϫ1 ; however, in spatial models export varied from negligible to 5,400 mg Fe m Ϫ2 yr Ϫ1 based on differential loadings from eight cover types. Accounting for losses of Fe based on distance from the lake did not improve the model. Although areal export of Fe was greater from wetlands, upland forests dominate the landscape and thus accounted for on average 75% of the total Fe load. Fe losses from lakes were primarily regulated by discharge; however, water color and lake depth were also important. Overall, the analysis revealed that lake Fe concentrations are related to land cover based on strong differential Fe loadings.

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Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

A spatially explicit model of iron loading to lakes

et al. 2006

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“…Level 3 generally corresponds with the "Class" level in the Cowardin classification scheme. Level 4, with 13 classes, approximates the "Subclass" level in the Cowardin scheme [49,51] (Figure 7). In Level 5, which is the finest scale and which served as the initial classification from which all other groupings were aggregated, we identified 22 classes of aquatic substrates and wetland vegetation cover at genus and community levels (Figure 8).…”

Section: Multi-scale Hierarchical Habitat Classificationmentioning

confidence: 99%

Improved Wetland Classification Using Eight-Band High Resolution Satellite Imagery and a Hybrid Approach

et al. 2014

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Although remote sensing technology has long been used in wetland inventory and monitoring, the accuracy and detail level of wetland maps derived with moderate resolution imagery and traditional techniques have been limited and often unsatisfactory. We explored and evaluated the utility of a newly launched high-resolution, eight-band satellite system (Worldview-2; WV2) for identifying and classifying freshwater deltaic wetland vegetation and aquatic habitats in the Selenga River Delta of Lake Baikal, Russia, using a hybrid approach and a novel application of Indicator Species Analysis (ISA). We achieved an overall classification accuracy of 86.5% (Kappa coefficient: 0.85) for 22 classes of aquatic and wetland habitats and found that additional metrics, such as the Normalized Difference Vegetation Index and image texture, were valuable for improving the overall classification OPEN ACCESS Remote Sens. 2014, 6 12188 accuracy and particularly for discriminating among certain habitat classes. Our analysis demonstrated that including WV2's four spectral bands from parts of the spectrum less commonly used in remote sensing analyses, along with the more traditional bandwidths, contributed to the increase in the overall classification accuracy by ~4% overall, but with considerable increases in our ability to discriminate certain communities. The coastal band improved differentiating open water and aquatic (i.e., vegetated) habitats, and the yellow, red-edge, and near-infrared 2 bands improved discrimination among different vegetated aquatic and terrestrial habitats. The use of ISA provided statistical rigor in developing associations between spectral classes and field-based data. Our analyses demonstrated the utility of a hybrid approach and the benefit of additional bands and metrics in providing the first spatially explicit mapping of a large and heterogeneous wetland system.

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“…Numerous classifications of wetlands have been proposed that can be applied also to European wetlands (Cowardin and Golet 1995;Orme 1990;Hejný et al 1998;Keddy 2000; www.ramsar.org). In addition, there is a European classification of wetlands with the CORINE system developed for the purpose of EU legislation (European Commission 1991).…”

Section: Wetland Typesmentioning

confidence: 99%

Actual state of European wetlands and their possible future in the context of global climate change

et al. 2011

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The present area of European wetlands is only a fraction of their area before the start of large-scale human colonization of Europe. Many European wetlands have been exploited and/or managed for various purposes. Large wetland areas have been drained and reclaimed mainly for agriculture and establishment of human settlements. These threats to European wetlands persist. The main responses of European wetland to ongoing climate changes will vary according to wetland type and geographical location. Sea level rise will probably be the decisive factor affecting coastal wetlands especially along the Atlantic coast. In the boreal part of Europe, increased temperatures will probably lead to lowered annual evapotranspiration and lowered organic matter accumulation in soil. The role of vast boreal wetlands as carbon sinks may thus be suppressed. In central and western Europe, the risk of floods may support the political will for ecosystem-unfriendly flood defence measures, which may threaten the hydrology of existing wetlands. Southern Europe will probably suffer most from water shortage, which may stregthen the competition for water resources between agriculture, industry and settlements on the one hand and nature conservancy, including wetland conservation, on the other. The main responses of European wetland to ongoing climate changes will vary according to wetland type and geographical location. Sea level rise will probably be the decisive factor affecting coastal wetlands especially along the Atlantic coast. In the boreal part of Europe, increased temperatures will probably lead to lowered annual evapotranspiration and lowered organic matter accumulation in soil. The role of vast boreal wetlands as carbon sinks may thus be suppressed. In central and western Europe, the risk of floods may support the political will for ecosystem-unfriendly flood defence measures, which may threaten the hydrology of existing wetlands. Southern Europe will probably suffer most Manuscript Click here to download Manuscript: European_wetlands_20110124. doc 1 2 3 4 5 6 7 8 9 10 11 12 13 14 15 16 17 18 19 20 21 22 23 24 25 26 27 28 29 30 31 32 33 34 35 36 37 38 39 40 41 42 43 44 45 46 47 48 49 50 51 52 53 54 55 56 57 58 59 60 61 62 63 64 65 2 from water shortage, which may stregthen the competition for water resources between agriculture, industry and settlements on the one hand and nature conservancy, including wetland conservation, on the other.

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US Fish and Wildlife Service 1979 wetland classification: A review

Cited by 78 publications

References 7 publications

A spatially explicit model of iron loading to lakes

A spatially explicit model of iron loading to lakes

Improved Wetland Classification Using Eight-Band High Resolution Satellite Imagery and a Hybrid Approach

Actual state of European wetlands and their possible future in the context of global climate change

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