US-US conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response: Emergence of a conditioned response without alpha conditioning

Schreurs, Bernard G.; Alkon, Daniel L.

doi:10.3758/bf03327249

Cited by 59 publications

(31 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Examination of Figure 2 reveals a number of interesting features. First, as has been noted in previous experiments, responding increased as a function of US intensity (e.g., Moore & Desmond, 1982, Schreurs & Alkon, 1990. Second, at low and intermediate US intensities (e.g., 0.25 and 0.5 mA), there was a substantial increase hi responding from pretest to posttest in the paired group.…”

Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

“…In contrast, control rabbits that were trained with a sequence of a CS and two USs showed biphasic responses on posttest. The biphasic responses elicited by rabbits in the sequential group were CRs to the pairing of two USs within the serial compound of the CS and two USs (e.g., Kehoe, 1979Kehoe, , 1983Schreurs & Alkon, 1990). In fact, presentation of the 20 combinations of US intensity and duration on posttest would have constituted a generalization test (e.g., Mackintosh, 1974) because the US served as the signal or CS for the second US.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Apparatus. The apparatus and recording procedures for the nictitating membrane response (NMR) have been detailed by Schreurs and Alkon (1990), who modeled their apparatus after those described by Coleman and Gormezano (1971) and Gormezano (1966Gormezano ( , 1972. In brief, each subject was restrained in a Plexiglas box and trained in one of eight sound-attenuating, ventilated chambers (Coulbourn Instruments Model E10-20, Allentown, PA).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Conditioning the unconditioned response: Modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response.

Schreurs¹,

Shi²,

Pineda³

et al. 2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

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134

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Conditioning-specific reflex modification (CRM) occurs when classical conditioning modifies responding to an unconditioned stimulus (US) in the absence of a conditioned stimulus (CS). Three experiments monitored rabbit nictitating (Oryctolagus cuniculus) membrane unconditioned responses to 5 intensities and 4 durations of periorbital electrical stimulation before and after CS or US manipulation. CRM occurred after 12 days of CS-US pairings but not following unpaired CS/US presentations or restraint. CRM survived CS-alone and CS/US-unpaired extinction of the conditioned response (CR) but not presentations of the US alone, although CRs remained intact. Thus, CRs could be weakened without eliminating CRM and CRM could be weakened without eliminating CRs. Data indicate CRM is a reliable, associative effect that is more than a generalized CR and may not be explained by habituation, stimulus generalization, contextual conditioning, or bidirectional conditioning.

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Section: Resultssupporting

confidence: 77%

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

See 1 more Smart Citation

Conditioning the unconditioned response: Modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response.

Schreurs¹,

Shi²,

Pineda³

et al. 2000

Journal of Experimental Psychology: Animal Behavior Processes

Self Cite

134

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“…Individual NM A/D outputs were stored on a trial-by-trial basis for subsequent analysis. Details of transducing nictitating membrane movements have been reported previously (Gormezano & Gibbs, 1988;Schreurs & Alkon, 1990). A hook connected to an L-shaped lever containing a freely moving ball and socket joint was attached to a 6 -0 nylon loop sutured into, but not through, the nictitating membrane (NM).…”

Section: Apparatusmentioning

confidence: 99%

Dietary cholesterol impairs memory and memory increases brain cholesterol and sulfatide levels.

Darwish¹,

Wang²,

Konat³

et al. 2010

Behavioral Neuroscience

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Cholesterol and sulfatides play many important roles in learning and memory. To date, our observations about the effects of cholesterol on learning have been assessed during response acquisition i.e., the learning of a new memory. Here we report for the first time on the effect of a cholesterol diet on a previously formed memory. Rabbits were given trace conditioning of the nictitating membrane response for ten days, then fed a 2% cholesterol diet for eight weeks, and then assessed for memory recall of the initially learned task. We show that dietary cholesterol had an adverse effect on memory recall. Second, we investigated whether dietary cholesterol caused an increase in brain cholesterol and sulfatide levels in four major brain structures (hippocampus, frontal lobe, brainstem, and cerebellum) using a technique for analyzing myelin and myelin-free fractions separately. Although our data confirm previous findings that dietary cholesterol does not directly affect cholesterol and establish that it does not affect sulfatide levels in the brain, these levels did increase rather significantly in the hippocampus and frontal lobe as a function of learning and memory.

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“…Repeated presentations of the US alone, for example, with an intertrial interval of 15 or 30 s, does not lead to learning because the mossy fiber activation and the climbing fiber activation occur simultaneously, as we found in a collaborative study with the Russian neuroscientist Eugene Sokolov when we were at Harvard (unpublished). However, if the same US is presented as a CS and then as a US, with perhaps 250 ms between them, then with repeated trials normal learning will occur (Schreurs & Alkon, 1990). As far as the cerebellum is concerned the salient aspect of the first US is activation of mossy fibers and the second is activation of climbing fibers.…”

Section: The Cerebellar System and Classical Conditioning Of The Eyel...mentioning

confidence: 99%

An essential memory trace found.

Thompson

2013

Behavioral Neuroscience

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I argue here that we have succeeded in localizing an essential memory trace for a basic form of associative learning and memory--classical conditioning of discrete responses learned with an aversive stimulus--to the anterior interpositus nucleus of the cerebellum. We first identified the entire essential circuit, using eyelid conditioning as the model system, and used reversible inactivation, during training, of critical structures and pathways to localize definitively the essential memory trace. In recognition of the 30th anniversary of Behavioral Neuroscience, I highlight 1 paper (Tracy, Thompson, Krupa, & Thompson, 1998) that was particularly significant for the progress of this research program. In this review, I present definitive evidence that the essential memory trace for eyelid conditioning is localized to the cerebellum and to no other part of the essential circuit, using electrical stimulation of the pontine nuclei-mossy fibers projecting to the cerebellum as the conditional stimulus (CS; it proved to be a supernormal stimulus resulting in much faster learning than with any peripheral CS) and using an electrical stimulus to the output of the cerebellum as a test, which did not change. Pontine patterns of projection to the cerebellum were confirmed with retrograde labeling techniques.

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US-US conditioning of the rabbit’s nictitating membrane response: Emergence of a conditioned response without alpha conditioning

Cited by 59 publications

References 39 publications

Conditioning the unconditioned response: Modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response.

Conditioning the unconditioned response: Modification of the rabbit's (Oryctolagus cuniculus) unconditioned nictitating membrane response.

Dietary cholesterol impairs memory and memory increases brain cholesterol and sulfatide levels.

An essential memory trace found.

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