Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence

Bates, M.L. Shawn; Trujillo, Keith A.

doi:10.1016/j.pbb.2021.173129

Cited by 35 publications

(33 citation statements)

References 263 publications

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“…Hallucinogen use disorder. Second, psychedelics can cause hallucinogen use disorder, causing one to abuse these substances such that they put the user or others at risk or cause significant issues at work, at school, or within interpersonal relationships 42 , 43 . Given the significant co-morbidity between hallucinogen use disorder and CUD observed within this sample, misuse of classic psychedelics may drive or exacerbate the misuse of cocaine.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder: a population-based survey study

Jones

Nock

2022

Sci Rep

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Cocaine Use Disorder (CUD) is a significant public health problem associated with elevated morbidity and mortality within the United States. Current behavioral treatments have limited efficacy and there are currently no FDA approved pharmacological treatments for CUD. Classic psychedelics might be associated with lowered odds of substance misuse and may effectively treat various forms of addiction. Thus, the goal of this study is to assess protective associations that lifetime use of classic psychedelics may share with CUD within a nationally representative sample of the U.S. We used data from The National Survey on Drug Use and Health (NSDUH) (2015–2019) and conducted survey-weighted multivariable logistic regression to test whether each of four classic psychedelics (peyote, mescaline, psilocybin, LSD) conferred lowered odds of CUD and its related 11 sub-criteria. Participants were 214,505 adults in the NSDUH (2015–2019) aged 18 and older. Peyote conferred lowered odds of CUD, reducing the odds of CUD by over 50% (aOR: 0.47). All other substances (including other classic psychedelics) either shared no association to CUD or conferred increased odds of CUD. Furthermore, sensitivity analyses revealed peyote to confer sharply lowered odds of the majority (seven of 11) of CUD criteria as well (aOR range: 0.26–0.47). Peyote use is associated with lowered odds of CUD. Future inquiries into third variable factors (i.e., demographic/personality profiles of individuals who use peyote, motivational/contextual factors surrounding peyote use) that may underlie our observed associations may reveal protective factors that can inform treatment development for CUD. Additionally, future longitudinal studies can shed further light on whether there is a temporal link between peyote use and lowered odds of CUD.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder: a population-based survey study

Jones

Nock

2022

Sci Rep

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“…Our experimental group of animals showed weight loss due to stress CUS paradigm, which confirms that these rats were in a state of anhedonia, one of the major signs of depression. Previous studies showed that chronic stress in rodent's stress animal model induces specific patterns of behavioral activity that indicate depression or anxiety, like anhedonia and loss of interest when exposed to behavioral tests [21]. The previous study of Cox et al also showed that the experimental group had slower weight gain even if the chronic unpredictable stress model they used did not include food and water deprivation and increased locomotor activity noticed in behavior tests is proved not to be linked to this weight loss phenomenon [22].…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Impact of ketamine on spontaneous coordinate activity and short memory behavior in rodents´ chronic unpredictable stress model

et al. 2021

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Introduction/Objective. This research aims to evaluate the impact of chronic stress on behavioral effects of ketamine, which are not sufficiently clear, still. Methods. Wistar male rats aged five weeks were used in the experiment. The animals were divided into two equal groups: control and experimental. After being exposed to a chronic unpredictable stress paradigm for 42 days, experimental rats had received a single injection of ketamine (10 mg/kg; day 45) as well as control group. The impact of ketamine was assessed using behavioral tests, spontaneous coordinate activity, and water maze tests for the evaluation of short-term memory. Results. The experimental group rats showed less spontaneous motoric activity than before ketamine application. Statistical significance was shown in gaining weight after time of ketamine application in control group and also in experimental group where they showed weight loss during stress paradigm and then increased their weight after ketamine application. There was no statistical significance in speed measurements in both groups showing no effects on short memory behavior. Conclusion. These findings show that ketamine in single subanesthetic dose has antidepressant and anxiolytic like effects in male rats exposed to chronic unpredictable stress paradigm

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“…Among recently produced antidepressants, ketamine stands out for its effects, although its precise mechanism of action has not yet been clarified [9,10]. Ketamine is an anaesthetic and analgesic drug [11,12] and possesses dissociative properties that have prompted its use as a recreational drug of abuse, mostly among adolescents [13]. Many years of investigations into the involvement of glutamatergic transmission in depression [14] have led to the discovery of the rapid and sustained antidepressant properties of ketamine [15].…”

Section: Ketaminementioning

confidence: 99%

BDNF Alterations in Brain Areas and the Neurocircuitry Involved in the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine in Animal Models, Suggest the Existence of a Primary Circuit of Depression

Carboni¹,

Carta²

2022

J. Integr. Neurosci.

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Major depressive disorder is one of the primary causes of disability and disease worldwide. The therapy of depression is prevalently based on monoamine reuptake blockers; consequently, investigations aimed to clarify the aetiology of depression have mostly looked at brain areas innervated by monamines and brain circuitry involved in inputs and outputs of these areas. The recent approval of esketamine as a rapid-acting antidepressant drug in treatment-resistant depression, has definitively projected glutamatergic transmission as a key constituent in the use of new drugs in antidepressant therapy. In this review we have examined the role of several brain areas: namely, the hippocampus, the medial Prefrontal Cortex (mPFC), the nucleus accumbens (NAc), the Lateral Habenula (LHb), the amygdala and the Bed Nucleus of Stria Terminalis (BNST). The reason for undertaking an in-depth review is due to their significant role in animal models of depression, which highlight their inter-connections as well as their inputs and outputs. In particular, we examined the modification of the expression and release of the brain derived neurotrophic factor (BDNF) and associated changes in dendritic density induced by chronic stress in the above areas of animal models of depression (AnMD). We also examined the effectiveness of ketamine and standard antidepressants in reversing these alterations, with the aim of identifying a brain circuit where pathological alteration might trigger the appearance of depression symptoms. Based on the role that these brain areas play in the generation of the symptoms of depression, we assumed that the mPFC, the NAc/Ventral Tegmental Area (VTA) and the hippocampus form a primary circuit of depression, where regular performance can endure resilience to stress. We have also examined how this circuit is affected by environmental challenges and how the activation of one or more areas, including amygdala, LHb or BNST can produce local detrimental effects that spread over specific circuits and generate depression symptoms. Furthermore, we also examined how, through their outputs, these three areas can negatively influence the NAc/VTA-PFC circuit directly or through the BNST, to generate anhedonia, one of the most devastating symptoms of depression.

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Use and abuse of dissociative and psychedelic drugs in adolescence

Cited by 35 publications

References 263 publications

Exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder: a population-based survey study

Exploring protective associations between the use of classic psychedelics and cocaine use disorder: a population-based survey study

Impact of ketamine on spontaneous coordinate activity and short memory behavior in rodents´ chronic unpredictable stress model

BDNF Alterations in Brain Areas and the Neurocircuitry Involved in the Antidepressant Effects of Ketamine in Animal Models, Suggest the Existence of a Primary Circuit of Depression

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