Use of a Computer Rod and Frame (CRAF) Test to assess errors in the perception of visual vertical in a clinical setting—A pilot study

Bagust, J.; Rix, George D.W.; Hurst, Hugh C.

doi:10.1016/j.clch.2005.07.001

Cited by 25 publications

(30 citation statements)

References 10 publications

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“…They are asked to adjust the rod to the gravitational vertical, and these adjustments vary greatly. Over the years, the RFT has been used in many areas of psychology, education, interpersonal behavior, and musculoskeletal disorders [15][16]. Until recently, all published research has employed mechanical rod and frame systems that require specialized facilities and would not be easy to use in a field setting.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective visual vertical perception and sense of smell in Parkinson disease

Khattab¹,

Docherty²,

Bagust³

et al. 2012

JRRD

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Abstract-Thisarticle describes an open cross-sectional observational study involving 47 participants with Parkinson disease (PD) and 47 (age-and sex-matched) nondisabled controls without PD. The aim was to determine the profiles of subjective visual vertical (SVV) perception and sense of smell perception in both groups. There was a statistically significant difference (p < 0.001) between patients and controls on their smell test performance. Controls were more likely to correctly identify odors, with a median score of 10 out of 12 compared with 6.5 out of 12 for patients with PD. The median SVV error for the PD group when the frame was untilted was 0.75 degrees compared with 0.50 degrees for controls. This difference was statistically significant (p = 0.02). When the frame was tilted, the median SVV error for the PD group was 2.31 degrees compared with 2.00 degrees for controls (not statistically significant), with both groups showing similar distribution pattern of errors. There was no statistical correlation between number of correctly identified odors and an individual's SVV error. However, a statistically significant negative correlation (r = 0.45, p = 0.01) was found between Mini-Mental State Examination score and mean time taken to complete each rod and frame test in patients with PD, suggesting that SVV errors might be more correlated with cognitive function than with loss of sense of smell.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Subjective visual vertical perception and sense of smell in Parkinson disease

Khattab¹,

Docherty²,

Bagust³

et al. 2012

JRRD

Self Cite

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“…In a small number of people (5 -20%) the tilt of the frame has a major influence on the perception of visual vertical, these are described as Field Dependent [2][3][4][5]. The Rod and Frame test was originally developed as one component of personality testing, but it has also been used to investigate postural control [4], falls in the elderly [6], vestibular dysfunction [7,8] and neck pain [9,10].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Rod and Frame Alignment Times Increase When the Frame is Tilted

Bagust

Docherty

Razzak

2013

PBS

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Abstract:The Rod and Frame test measures an individual's subjective assessment of visual vertical and horizontal in the presence of a surrounding tilted frame. Attention has focused upon the effects of the surrounding frame upon spatial accuracy (Spatial Frame Effect). We have investigated if the tilted frame also affects the time that subjects take to make the alignment (Temporal Frame Effect). Results: 125 subjects performed a computerised Rod and Frame test to investigate the effects of a tilted frame on subjective visual vertical and horizontal. In addition the program recorded the time taken to make each alignment. For most subjects the mean Spatial Frame Effect was small (vertical 1.62, SD 0.93; horizontal 1.9, SD 1.43). The mean time taken to make alignments in the presence of a tilted frame was longer than when the frame was not tilted (vertical, +3.4s, SD 4.4; horizontal, +3.2s, SD 4.5). Differences in the times taken when the rod and frame were presented congruently and incongruently could be fully accounted for by the differences in steps needed to move the rod to its final alignment. No relationship was found between the spatial accuracy and the time to make the alignment and there was no relationship between the Spatial and Temporal Frame Effects. Conclusions: This study suggests that the Spatial, and Temporal, Frame Effects provide information about different aspects of the process of resolving conflicting visual information when making judgments on alignment. In everyday functions such as the maintenance of balance or susceptibility to motion sickness, the increased time taken may be as important as spatial accuracy.

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“…41 Balance, maintenance of posture, and motor coordination are common everyday activities that require an accurate perception of the orientation of the head in 3-dimensional space. 42 The vestibular system, which provides information about the position of the head relative to gravity; the visual system, which uses external cues to identify the head position in relation to its environment; and the cervical proprioceptive system, which signals the position of the head with reference to the trunk, are all important in determining spatial orientation. 42 Dysfunction of any of these systems can cause a variety of signs and symptoms such as spatial disorientation, dizziness, vertigo, disequilibrium, and nausea.…”

Section: The Rod and Frame Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…42 The vestibular system, which provides information about the position of the head relative to gravity; the visual system, which uses external cues to identify the head position in relation to its environment; and the cervical proprioceptive system, which signals the position of the head with reference to the trunk, are all important in determining spatial orientation. 42 Dysfunction of any of these systems can cause a variety of signs and symptoms such as spatial disorientation, dizziness, vertigo, disequilibrium, and nausea. 5,22,[29][30][31][32][33] The RFT was adopted from perceptual and psychological research.…”

Section: The Rod and Frame Testmentioning

confidence: 99%

Cervical Outcome Measures: Testing for Postural Stability and Balance

Humphreys

2008

Journal of Manipulative and Physiological Therapeutics

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Use of a Computer Rod and Frame (CRAF) Test to assess errors in the perception of visual vertical in a clinical setting—A pilot study

Cited by 25 publications

References 10 publications

Subjective visual vertical perception and sense of smell in Parkinson disease

Subjective visual vertical perception and sense of smell in Parkinson disease

Rod and Frame Alignment Times Increase When the Frame is Tilted

Cervical Outcome Measures: Testing for Postural Stability and Balance

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