Use of a digital passive infrared motion detector in piglet rearing for the identification of animal activity

Drexl, Veronika; Siebler, David; Dittrich, Imme; Heins, Rina; Diers, Sophie; Krieter, Joachim

doi:10.1016/j.atech.2023.100228

Cited by 3 publications

(7 citation statements)

References 32 publications

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“…In line with most of the behaviours of growing pigs described in [12], the three studied variables show a periodic pattern. Nevertheless, the behaviour of the variables during the day shows differences, because illuminance has one daily peak, while activity and noise level have two peaks (morning and afternoon), responding to a light-dark pattern of lighting regime [2,11]. The evolution of animal activity shows lower values during the night and greater values during the day, but the large variations in measurements hinder the visualization of a clear daily pattern (Figure 2a).…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The behaviour of pigs is highly influenced by the environment in the building [1], although it is also affected by other parameters, such as gas concentration, illuminance, noise, or health problems [2][3][4][5][6][7]. Animal activity is an important indicator of welfare that is especially relevant in intensive systems [8] because it is an early gauge for behavioural changes [9] that are caused by poor environmental conditions in the building or by health issues, among others [1,5,[9][10][11]. Therefore, measuring animal activity can provide key data to reduce deficiencies in animal welfare, thus improving production efficiency and enabling sustainable pig farming [9].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…In general, these methods are used exclusively for research and require a higher level of development if they are to be used on commercial livestock farms [14] to improve health and animal welfare or to improve efficiency [48]. Passive infrared detectors have proved useful and reliable for measuring pig activity, regardless of the number of animals or the structure of the pen [11], showing strong correlations with video footage [11,14,15]. Nevertheless, passive infrared detectors pose several problems, such as placement, physical barriers on farms, area of coverage or the need to normalize data.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling of Animal Activity, Illuminance, and Noise on a Weaned Piglet Farm

Fernández,

Besteiro,

Arango

et al. 2023

Animals

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Measuring animal activity and its evolution in real time is useful for animal welfare assessment. In addition, illuminance and noise level are two factors that can improve our understanding of animal activity. This study aims to establish relationships between animal activity as measured by passive infrared sensors, and both illuminance and noise level on a conventional weaned piglet farm. First, regression models were applied, and then cosine models with three harmonics were developed using least squares with a Generalized Reduced Gradient Nonlinear method. Finally, all the models were validated. Linear models showed positive correlations, with values between 0.40 and 0.56. Cosine models drew clear patterns of daily animal activity, illuminance and noise level with two peaks, one in the morning and one in the afternoon, coinciding with human activity inside the building, with a preference for inactivity at night-time and around midday. Cosine model fitting revealed strong correlations, both in the measurement and validation periods, for animal activity (R = 0.97 and 0.92), illuminance (R = 0.95 and 0.91) and noise level (R = 0.99 and 0.92). The developed models could be easily implemented in animal welfare monitoring systems and could provide useful information about animal activity through continuous monitoring of illuminance or noise levels.

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Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Modelling of Animal Activity, Illuminance, and Noise on a Weaned Piglet Farm

Fernández,

Besteiro,

Arango

et al. 2023

Animals

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“…Similarly, other studies, such as Besteiro et al (2018b), found strong correlations between group activity and visual assessment using PIDs. Also, Drexl et al (2023) examined the relationship between different methods of measuring animal activity in piglet rearing. Strong correlations were observed between visual assessment and PID, as well as between dynamic background…”

Section: Pid Performance For Measuring Group Activitymentioning

confidence: 99%

Recording group and area-specific activity of fattening pigs by using Passive Infrared Detectors on farm

Wurm,

von Jasmund,

Tiemann

et al. 2023

Front. Anim. Sci.

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Animal activity in pigs can be a direct indicator of animal welfare. Passive infrared detectors (PID) provide one method of measuring animal activity on the pen level as a cost-effective and easy-to-use sensor technique. The study aimed to test PIDs on different commercial farms with fattening pigs. On each farm, a focus pen was selected and group activity, and activity in the feeding and exploration area was measured by using three PIDs. For data evaluation, three continuous 24h time periods were selected for each farm. Additionally, animal behavior was recorded by video cameras for visual scan sampling. To compare the PID outcome with the recorded behaviors, an ethogram was used to categorize active and inactive behaviors. Using scan sampling, the validation of the PID data was based on still frames at 10 min intervals. In addition, barn climate such as temperature, relative humidity, and ammonia concentration were measured. The analysis of seven farms showed a strong correlation between PID data and visual assessment for group activity from 0.67 - 0.91 (p < 0.001; n = 432). For the activity in the feeding area, medium to strong correlations between 0.44 - 0.65 (p < 0.001; n = 327) could be found. The PID data for the exploration area reached correlations with a smaller effect strength. Based on the activity data measured by PIDs, a typical diurnal rhythm for pigs could be found for all farms. Moreover, the PID data indicated different activity patterns depending on, e.g., feeding times and sex group composition. The results demonstrated that PIDs can also be used in different housing conditions for measuring animal activity. In combination with barn climate data, the PIDs can provide useful information for the farmer and also characterize farm-specific management.

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“…PIR is an electromagnetic radiation that has wavelengths longer than visible light and shorter than radio waves [12] [13]. It is invisible to human eyes but we can feel it as heat.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Motion Detection System Using Passive Infrared Technology

Amuta,

Sobola,

Eseabasi

et al. 2024

IOP Conf. Ser.: Earth Environ. Sci.

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Having technology around us that can be used for household and entertainment purposes to signal any potential threat in our surroundings and trigger alerts is vital. The study designed a technology that is aimed at providing security to the environment and properties since it can detect movement at a certain angle and also give an alert. The system used a Passive infrared radiation (PIR) module HC-SR501 to detect motion and an Arduino uno microcontroller unit (MCU) to process and control the sensor data. The PIR sensors detect infrared radiation emitted by moving objects, such as human beings or animals. Several tests showed that the system performed well under different conditions, with the PIR sensor able to detect motion at different sensitivities distances, and angles. The designed prototype system reveals that our environment, properties, and even human lives can be secured, hence the technology can be deployed as a surveillance. However, the limitation could be power outages from public utilities, in terms of functionality.

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Use of a digital passive infrared motion detector in piglet rearing for the identification of animal activity

Cited by 3 publications

References 32 publications

Modelling of Animal Activity, Illuminance, and Noise on a Weaned Piglet Farm

Modelling of Animal Activity, Illuminance, and Noise on a Weaned Piglet Farm

Recording group and area-specific activity of fattening pigs by using Passive Infrared Detectors on farm

Motion Detection System Using Passive Infrared Technology

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