Use of A Standard Strain for External Calibration in Behavioral Phenotyping

Blizard, David A.; Wada, Yumiko; Onuki, Yasuhiro; Kato, Katsunori; Mori, Toshiyuki; Taniuchi, Tohru; Hosokawa, Hiroshi; Otobe, Takayuki; Takahashi, Akiyoshi; Shisa, Hayase; Hayashi, Hiroshi; Makino, Junshiro

doi:10.1007/s10519-005-3224-1

Cited by 15 publications

(15 citation statements)

References 21 publications

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“…There are a number of possible explanations for robust individual differences including epigenetics, polymorphisms/genetic drift, or gene–environment interactions. Individual differences have been previously reported in inbred mouse strains and this has sparked controversy over possible mechanisms (Blizard et al, 2004, 2005; Griffin et al, 2007; Wahlsten et al, 2006). The mechanism underlying individual differences in inbred mouse strains, particularly with respect to drugs of abuse is a fertile line of study.…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time of day influences the voluntary intake and behavioral response to methamphetamine and food reward

Keith

Hart

Robotham

et al. 2013

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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The circadian timing system influences a vast array of behavioral responses. Substantial evidence indicates a role for the circadian system in regulating reward processing. Here we explore time of day effects on drug anticipation, locomotor activity, and voluntary methamphetamine (MA) and food intake in animals with ad libitum food access. We compared responses to drug versus a palatable treat during their normal sleep times in early day (zeitgeber time (ZT) 0400) or late day (ZT 1000). In the first study, using a between-subjects design, mice were given daily 1-h access to either peanut butter (PB-Alone) or to a low or high concentration of MA mixed in PB (MA + PB). In study 2, we repeated the experiment using a within-subjects design in which mice could choose between PB-Alone and MA + PB at either ZT 0400 or 1000. In study 3, the effects of MA-alone were investigated by evaluating anticipatory activity preceding exposure to nebulized MA at ZT 0400 vs. ZT 1000. Time of day effects were observed for both drug and palatable treat, such that in the between groups design, animals showed greater intake, anticipatory activity, and post-ingestional activity in the early day. Furthermore, there were differences among mice in the amount of MA ingested but individuals were self-consistent in their daily intake. The results for the within-subjects experiment also revealed robust individual differences in preference for MA + PB or PB-Alone. Interestingly, time of day effects on intake were observed only for the preferred substance. Anticipatory activity preceding administration of MA by nebulization was also greater at ZT 0400 than ZT 1000. Finally, pharmacokinetic response to MA administered intraperitoneally did not vary as a function of time of administration. The results indicate that time of day is an important variable mediating the voluntary intake and behavioral effects of reinforcers.

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Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Time of day influences the voluntary intake and behavioral response to methamphetamine and food reward

Keith

Hart

Robotham

et al. 2013

Pharmacology Biochemistry and Behavior

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“…Inbred strains may serve as ''standard strains'' against which outcrossed strains may be compared during behavioral phenotyping (Blizard et al, 2005). Phenotyping inbred strains can provide information about the heritability of all types of biological traits, including behavior (e.g.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…However, inbred strains are rarely utilized outside of a few model systems such as rats, mice, Drosophila and zebrafish (e.g. Blizard et al, 2005;Bothe et al, 2004;Flint, 2003;Guo, 2004;Robison and William, 2005) or employed in studies of social interactions or the evolution of social behavior.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…Second, inbred strains provide the means to control the genetic component of the social environment by holding the genes in social partners constant. Although many inbred strains of model organisms, including rats (Blizard et al, 2005), fruit flies (Anholt and Mackay, 2001), and zebrafish (Robison and William, 2005), display behavioral differences (e.g. open field sensitivity, alcohol sensitivity, and startle response, respectively), relatively few assayed behaviors are expressed in a social context and no studies to date have utilized inbred strains to explore IGEs on behavior in unrelated individuals.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

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Variation in Anti-Predator Behavior Among Five Strains of Inbred Guppies, Poecilia reticulata

2006

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Quantitative genetic studies frequently utilize inbred strains of animals as tools for partitioning the direct and indirect effects of genes from environmental effects in generating an observed phenotype, however, this approach is rarely applied to behavioral studies. Guppies, Poecilia reticulata, perform a set of anti-predator behaviors that may provide an ideal system to study how complex behavioral traits are generated. To assess the utility of ornamental guppies in quantitative genetics studies of behavior, we assayed five morphologically distinct strains of ornamental guppies for response to predator cues and for variation in response among strains. Despite individual variation, all five strains responded to predator cues and differences among strains were found for all assayed behaviors, including measures of boldness and predator avoidance.

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“…Alongside environmental heterogeneity, one may also introduce genetic heterogeneity, e.g. through testing multiple (standard) strains or heterogeneous stocks (Blizard et al 2005). As Blizard et al (2005) pointed out: ‘Because of the improved buffering of genetically heterogeneous stocks against environmental variation, they should exhibit greater phenotypic stability’.…”

Section: Strategies To Determine the Generalizability Of Results Frommentioning

confidence: 99%

The standardization–generalization dilemma: a way out

Staay

Arndt

Nordquist

2010

Genes Brain and Behavior

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Recently, a debate has emerged on the use and necessity of standardization in experimental testing using animal subjects. The difficulties encountered when trying to reconcile standardization and generalization largely underlie this debate. The more specific the testing procedures are, the less one can generalize to more naturalistic situations, including to human clinical populations. If the goal of a study is to generalize to a larger population, there may be a higher risk attached to false-positive than false-negative results; thus the balance sways toward generalization. Heterogenization of housing conditions and of genetic makeup of experimental animals has been suggested as a possible method to increase the generalizability of results. It is important to remain cognizant, however, of situations in which false negatives can be counterproductive or even dangerous, such as when the goal is to elucidate a physiological mechanism, when expected effect sizes are small, in toxicological studies and in drug safety testing. In such cases, experiments based on standardization may provide more useful information. We pose that it is essential that the goal of the specific experiment conducted is clearly defined and that the decision to balance between standardization and generalization must be made based on the specific needs to meet the intended goal. In this light, we discuss a multi-tiered approach to animal experimentation, in which standardization and generalizability are each given precedence during different phases of a project, depending upon the goal of the experiment.

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Use of A Standard Strain for External Calibration in Behavioral Phenotyping

Cited by 15 publications

References 21 publications

Time of day influences the voluntary intake and behavioral response to methamphetamine and food reward

Time of day influences the voluntary intake and behavioral response to methamphetamine and food reward

Variation in Anti-Predator Behavior Among Five Strains of Inbred Guppies, Poecilia reticulata

The standardization–generalization dilemma: a way out

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