Use of accelerometers to assess and describe trailer motion and its impact on carcass bruising in market cows transported under North American conditions

Abstract

Increased trailer motion, coupled with large accelerations and decelerations, has been associated with decreased carcass quality and increased stress indicators in cattle, sheep, and hogs. However, motion of livestock trailers has not been measured in North-American cattle semi-trailers over long distances (> 1000 km). The objectives of this study were to develop a practical method of measuring transport trailer accelerations, to describe the range of accelerations cattle are exposed to under North American conditions, and to conduct a preliminary analysis of trailer accelerations for each compartment and its effect on carcass bruising. The root mean square (RMS) of acceleration was measured at a sampling rate of 200 Hz in 3 orthogonal axes; x (vertical), y (front-to-rear), and z (lateral; side-to-side) by clamping an accelerometer to the cross beam below each of the five compartments of 8 trailers transporting a total of 330 animals (674 ± 33.3 kg BW) from an assembly yard to a processing facility. Journeys took place on separate days and ranged in duration from 13 to 15.7 h. The number and severity of bruises per carcass were determined prior to trimming for n = 290 carcasses and the number of bruises per carcass ranged between 0.38 and 12.75, whereas the bruising score per carcass ranged between 0.38 and 14.88. Mean number of bruises and severity of bruises (bruising scores were assigned according to size using a three-point scale: 1) ≤ 6.5 cm, 2) 6.5 to 12 cm, and 3) ≥ 12 cm and bruising severity was determined by applying the weighted score to each bruise according to bruise area) per carcass was 4.52 ± 2.43 (n) and 5.31 ± 2.84, respectively. Accelerations in commercial transport vehicles were found to range between 0.33 and 1.90 m/s2, whereas the mean RMS of acceleration for all trailers (n = 31 accelerometers) was 1.01 ± 0.32 m/s2, 0.72 ± 0.31 m/s2, and 0.97 ± 0.30 m/s2 for the x, y, and z axes, respectively. Horizontal acceleration was greatest in the nose, back, and doghouse compartments (P = 0.05), whereas lateral acceleration was greatest in the nose and back compartments (P = 0.08). Although the nose, back, and doghouse compartments had the highest RMS values for the lateral and horizontal axes, there were no significant relationships between bruising and acceleration. Replication of this research is required to further understand the relationships between trailer motion, carcass bruising, and overall animal welfare in cattle transported long distances.

Welfare of cattle during transport

“…In addition, vehicle vibration can be reduced through a suspension system which, in the case of freight trucks, can be either leaf spring or air suspension. Both suspension systems improve vehicle contact with the road surface and indirectly reduce vehicle vibration (Kehler et al., 2022). Low inflation of the tires and air suspension systems have been recommended by some authors versus leaf spring systems (Aradom, 2013).…”

Investigating the impact of pre-slaughter management factors on meat quality outcomes in cattle raised for beef: A scoping review

“…A notable gap in this body of work is the lack of research focused on heat mitigation during lairage. The transportation category included the most studies and included factors related to trailer motion (Kehler et al, 2022), loading density, transport distance, transport duration (Villarroel et al, 2003a;Villarroel et al, 2003b;Polkinghorne et al, 2018), transport method (e.g., truck, rail, boat, walking, etc. ), and vehicle type (Silva et al, 2016;Mendonca et al, 2018;Mendonca et al, 2019;Ferreira et al, 2020).…”