Use of acetylated softwood kraft lignin as filler in synthetic polymers

Jeong, Hee-Jin; Park, Jong-Shin; Kim, Sung Hoon; Lee, Jungmin; Cho, Jae Whan

doi:10.1007/s12221-012-1310-6

Cited by 70 publications

(60 citation statements)

References 39 publications

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“…Acetylation is a technique that can improve the solubility of lignin in organic solvents (Olarte 2011), and it can be used as a pretreatment method when a soluble form of lignin is required in the manufacturing processes. For instance, acetylated lignins were used for producing lignin microspheres (Asrar and Ding 2010), thermoplastics/lignin composites (Jeong et al 2012), lignin-based thermoplastic polyurethanes (Jeong et al 2013), and lignin carbon fibers (Zhang and Ogale 2014). Understanding the solubility of lignin and acetylated lignin in organic solvents helps to utilize lignin for producing high value-added products.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents

2017

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The solubility of four lignin samples and their acetylated forms was determined in a series of organic solvents to investigate the relationship between solubility and the solubility parameter. The solubility parameter of lignin samples and acetylated lignin was calculated based on the number of atoms or groups on lignin units. (Lignin 4 [4]). The solubility of lignin in organic solvents was not predictable due to poor correlation between the solubility of lignin and its solubility parameter. However, the solubility of lignin in an organic solvent depended on the molecular weight and the aliphatic hydroxyl number of the lignin. L2, with a lower molecular weight than other lignin samples, had the highest solubility in organic solvents, and L3, with highest aliphatic hydroxyl number, had the lowest solubility in organic solvents. All acetylated lignins were soluble in most of the organic solvents. Furthermore, the molecular weights of the soluble parts of all four lignins in ethyl acetate were found to be lower than the original lignins.

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Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents

2017

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“…A considerable number of papers have been published on the blends of lignin with a wide range of polymers including proteins [10][11][12], starch [13][14][15], polyolefins [16][17][18][19][20][21][22][23][24][25][26], vinyl polymers 4 [18,19,21,[27][28][29][30][31][32][33][34][35] and polyesters [19,21,22,[36][37][38][39][40][41][42][43]. The chemical modification of lignin [10,14,16,[20][21][22]27,29,36,40,…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The chemical modification of lignin [10,14,16,[20][21][22]27,29,36,40,41] and coupling [16,17,20,24,25,27,28] is often used to achieve better properties in polymer/lignin blends. Lignin may also be applied as a reactive component in epoxy [44,45] and phenol formaldehyde resins [46,47], as well as in polyurethanes [48][49][50].…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Competitive Interactions in Aromatic Polymer/Lignosulfonate Blends

Szabó

Romhányi

Kun

et al. 2016

ACS Sustainable Chem. Eng.

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Polymer/lignosulfonate blends were prepared from three polymers containing aromatic moiety in their chain: polystyrene (PS), polycarbonate (PC) and a glycol modified poly(ethylene terephthalate) (PETG), in order to study the effect of aromatic,  electron interactions on miscibility, and on the structure and properties of the blends. Polypropylene (PP)/lignin blends were used as reference. The components were homogenized in an internal mixer and compression molded into plates of 1 mm thickness. Structure was characterized by scanning electron microscopy (SEM) and image analysis, while mechanical properties by tensile testing and acoustic emission measurements. Component interactions were estimated from solubility parameters, the composition dependence of glass transition temperature and mechanical properties. The results indicated that  electron interactions result in better compatibility than the dispersion forces acting in PP blends. The average size of the dispersed lignin particles was smaller and properties were better in aromatic polymers than in PP. After PP, PS containing only aromatic rings and no other functional groups formed the weakest interaction with lignin, while interactions in PC and especially PETG capable of forming also hydrogen bonds were much stronger showing that the combined effect of competitive interactions determines the structure and properties of the blends.

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“…Poly(butyrate succinate)–lignosulfonate blends and poly( l ‐lactic acid) and lignin blends also suffered deterioration in some mechanical properties, despite the interactions found between lignin and the carbonyl groups of polyesters. To obtain much better compatibility between lignin and other polymers, the esterification and graft copolymerization of lignin and the addition of compatibilizers are often used. Partly acetylated softwood kraft lignin has compatibility with low‐density polyethylene, PP, polystyrene, and poly(ethylene terephthalate) according to the literature, and the tensile strength and breaking strain of these blends almost did not change with modified lignin contents up to 12.5 wt % …”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Effect of the maleation of lignosulfonate on the mechanical and thermal properties of lignosulfonate/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends

Wang

Yang

Zou

2015

J of Applied Polymer Sci

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Maleated lignosulfonate (MLS) produced by esterification with maleic anhydride and unmodified lignosulfonate [in the form of lignosulfonic acid (LS)] were incorporated into poly(e-caprolactone) (PCL) via melt-blending. The obtained MLS/PCL composites and LS/PCL composites were characterized by Fourier transform infrared (FTIR) spectroscopy, differential scanning calorimetry (DSC), thermogravimetric (TG) analysis, and electronic universal testing. The FTIR and DSC results show that the interactions between MLS and PCL were stronger than those between LS and PCL, whereas the TG analysis indicated that the LS/PCL composite was more thermally stable than the MLS/PCL composite. The tensile strength of the MLS/PCL blends remained at about 18 MPa when the MLS content reached 50 wt %; this was about 1.7 times larger than that of the LS/PCL blend. The Young's modulus was also enhanced; this indicated an improvement in the mechanical properties. The results show that the maleation of lignosulfonate was beneficial for enhancing the mechanical properties of these blends.

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Use of acetylated softwood kraft lignin as filler in synthetic polymers

Cited by 70 publications

References 39 publications

Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents

Solubility of Lignin and Acetylated Lignin in Organic Solvents

Competitive Interactions in Aromatic Polymer/Lignosulfonate Blends

Effect of the maleation of lignosulfonate on the mechanical and thermal properties of lignosulfonate/poly(ε‐caprolactone) blends

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