Use of alcohol, tobacco and coffee, and risk of pancreatic cancer

Heuch, Ivar; Kvåle, Gunnar; Jacobsen, B K; Bjelke, Erik

doi:10.1038/bjc.1983.245

Cited by 148 publications

(73 citation statements)

References 17 publications

(14 reference statements)

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“…15,16 The lack of association of ethanol consumption and increased pancreatic cancer risks is consistent with most studies, 9 -14 although some have shown increased risks. [12][13][14][15][16][17] The protective effect of fruit and vegetables that has been seen in a number of previous studies [3][4][5][6][7][8][9] was not confirmed by our data. However, the dietary instrument used in our study only looked at the relative contribution of the fruits/vegetables group to the total diet and may be too crude an instrument to detect a small effect.…”

Section: Dear Sircontrasting

confidence: 70%

Lifestyle factors and pancreatic cancer risk: A cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry

Isaksson

Jönsson

Pedersen

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

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Dear Sir,Even though pancreatic cancer is the 5th-leading cause of cancer deaths in the Western world, 1 little is known about the etiology of the disease. Lifestyle and other risk factors for pancreatic cancer have been examined in many epidemiologic studies, most of which were case-control studies. The conclusions of many of these are dubious because of small sample size, low participation and use of proxy respondents. Only cigarette smoking stands out as a likely causal agent in epidemiologic studies. However, cigarette smoking can explain only about 25% of the incidence. 2 Studies have also suggested that coffee, ethanol, obesity, high energy intake and high consumption of fat, carbohydrates and animal protein may be risk factors. [3][4][5] Some studies have shown decreased risks associated with frequent consumption of fruits and vegetables, but this has not been observed consistently. 3 It is possible that factors other than those that have been investigated may affect the development of pancreatic cancer.Our study examined the effects of diet, coffee, ethanol, tobacco use, BMI, physical activity and change in body weight on pancreatic cancer incidence in a cohort study of twins established in 1958 and followed by the Swedish Twin Registry. The cohort, which provided prospective information concerning exposure, included male and female same-sexed twin pairs who were born from 1886 -1925 and were both living in Sweden in 1961. At the 1961 baseline, self-administered questionnaires regarding lifestyle factors were mailed to 25,778 registrees. However, 1,288 of these were found to have already died. Additional questionnaires were administered in 1963 and 1967. Our current study included 12,204 females and 9,680 males who responded to these questionnaires with information on at least some of the potential risk factors. The overall response rate to the questionnaires was 85%.

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Section: Dear Sircontrasting

confidence: 70%

Lifestyle factors and pancreatic cancer risk: A cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry

Isaksson

Jönsson

Pedersen

et al. 2002

Intl Journal of Cancer

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“…It would certainly be surprising if, in a study prompted by the hypothesis about coffee, we had stumbled on a causual relationship between tea and this cancer, particularly since tea consumption and pancreas cancer mortality in different countries are not positively correlated (Stocks, 1970). The present findings weigh against the hypothesis of a causal relationship between coffee and pancreas cancer, as also do the findings of 5 of 6 other studies (Goldstein, 1982;Jick & Dinan, 1981;Severson et al, 1982;Nomura et al, 1981;Kessler, 1981;and Heuch et al, 1983).…”

contrasting

confidence: 41%

Pancreas cancer and coffee and tea consumption: A case-control study

Kinlen¹,

McPherson²

1984

Br J Cancer

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Evidence was recently presented of a positive relationship between coffee consumption and pancreas cancer (MacMahon et al., 1981). This has prompted us to examine unpublished data relevant to this question, collected in north-west England and north Wales in the early 1950s.The data available for analysis came from a casecontrol study of cancer in Liverpool and adjacent parts of Lancashire, Cheshire and north Wales conducted in the years 1952-54 by the late Dr Percy Stocks, while holding a Fellowship of the British Empire Cancer Campaign (now the Cancer Research Campaign). These data were restricted to cases of cancer, since the details collected from controls without cancer had not been preserved. Individuals covered by the study were asked how often they drank coffee and tea (never, daily, weekly) though only in the case of tea were respondents asked to state the average number of cups usually drunk each day. Many aspects of the study have been previously reported in detail (Stocks, 1958).Records were identified of individuals with pancreas cancer in which details of coffee and tea consumption and smoking habits were available and for each, two controls were chosen of similar sex, five-year age group, area of residence and involving cancers of sites other than smokingrelated sites and the gastrointestinal tract. For this purpose, lung, bladder, mouth, pharynx and oesophagus cancers were considered smokingrelated sites. Ovary cancers were also excluded from the control group because of a recent report that this cancer might also be related to coffee (Trichopoulos et al., 1981).In the Stocks (1958) study an unusually strict definition of non-smokers had been used, namely individuals who had never for any period in their life averaged as much as two cigarettes per week and had smoked neither a pipe nor cigars. For the Correspondence: L.J. Kinlen Received 18 July 1983; accepted 23 September 1983. purpose of the present study, to this category were added individuals who at any time in their life had smoked up to 8 cigarettes per week. The categories used referred to maximum consumption.The relative risk for pancreas cancer was estimated using the linear logistic procedure described by Breslow et al. (1978). This method preserves the matching and allows for adjustment for the possible confounding effects of other factors.The opportunity was also taken to examine the relationship between smoking and beverage consumption using all the surviving data on nongastrointestinal cancers collected in the Stocks study.There were 216 cases of pancreas cancer eligible for inclusion in the study, 109 males and 107 females, and of these 4% were aged 40-49 years, 11%, 50-59; 22%, 60-69; 36%, 70-79 and 27%, 80 or over. Of the 432 controls, 38% had breast cancer; 19%, prostate cancer; 19%, leukaemia or lymphoma; 7% renal cancer and 17% other cancers. More women than men drank coffee daily (26% of female controls, 18% of male controls) but nearly all drank tea daily (96% controls). Most men had smoked tobacco in some form (85% of ca...

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“…The association between pancreas cancer and smoking may be regarded as causal (IARC, 1986;, and smoking may be the confounder responsible for the increased risks found in our study and some other studies (Durbec et al, 1983;Heuch et al, 1983;Raymond et al, 1987;Cuzick & Babiker, 1989;Carstensen et al, 1990).…”

Section: Pancreasmentioning

confidence: 54%

Cancer morbidity in alcohol abusers

Tønnesen¹,

Møller²,

Andersen³

et al. 1994

Br J Cancer

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Summary Data on the association between alcohol abuse and cancer morbidity are scarce in large cohorts of non-hospitalised alcoholic men and women. Of 18,368 alcohol abusers who entered an outpatient clinic in Copenhagen during 18,307 were followed and their cancer incidence was compared with that of the total Danish population. On average the 15,214 men were observed for 12.9 years and the 3,093 women for 9.4 years. The overall morbidity of cancer was increased significantly. Of the men, 1,441 developed cancer [relative risk (RR) = 1.6; 95% confidence interval (CI) = 1.5-1.7], while 182 women did (RR = 1.5; 95% CI 1.3-1.8).Significantly increased incidences were found of cancer in the tongue, mouth, pharynx, oesophagus, liver, larynx, lung and pleura and secondary cancer. The women had significantly increased risk of cervical cancer (RR = 2.0; 95% CI 1.2-3.0). The men developed prostatic cancer significantly more frequently than expected (RR = 1.4; 95% CI 1.2-1.8). The risk of melanomas (RR = 0.5; 95% CI 0.2-0.8) was significantly lower than expected. The relative risks of cancer of the stomach, pancreas, kidney and endocrine system were only slightly increased. The study group did not develop more colonic (RR = 1.0; 95% CI 0.8-1.3) or rectal cancer (RR = 1.0; CI 0.7-1.3) than expected. The risk of breast cancer in women was slightly increased (RR = 1.3; 95% CI 0.9-1.7), but not statistically significant. Thus, the associations between alcohol and cancer of the upper digestive and respiratory tract and the liver are confirmed. In addition, this study indicates an increased occurrence of cancer of the prostate gland, pleura and uterine cervix in alcohol abusers.

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Use of alcohol, tobacco and coffee, and risk of pancreatic cancer

Cited by 148 publications

References 17 publications

Lifestyle factors and pancreatic cancer risk: A cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry

Lifestyle factors and pancreatic cancer risk: A cohort study from the Swedish Twin Registry

Pancreas cancer and coffee and tea consumption: A case-control study

Cancer morbidity in alcohol abusers

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