Use of Anti-Inflammatory Agents by Pharmacy College Students: Correlation of the Menstrual Cycle and Self-medication

Abstract

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and factors associated with this practice as well as drugrelated problems and self-medication by pharmacy students of University Center Catholic of Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil. Methods: The prospective study with a quantitative approach was conducted. The participants were 96 female pharmacy students, who answered an e-mail questionnaire containing questions regarding the main NSAIDs used, pre-menstrual and menstrual use, drug-related problems and self-medication. Results: The results showed that students >39 years and in the 1st year of graduation had the lowest rates of use of NSAIDs, 33.3% (p = 0.0005) and 77.7% (p = 0.01) respectively. The most commonly drug used were dipyrone (64.5%) and paracetamol (54.1%), mainly for painful processes such as headache (68.7%) and colic (62.5%). Self-medication was 92.7% those students, and the main side effects were nausea (14.5%) and heartburn (10.4%). There was greater use of anti-inflammatories among university students in the menstrual period, in those with irregular menstrual cycle and with a flow <7 days. Conclusion: In conclusion, NSAIDs are the most frequently used drugs among students of female pharmacy colleges for algic processes such as headache, menstrual cramps, migraine and others referred to as possible hormonal changes. High self-medication was observed, which leads to frequent gastrointestinal adverse effects. Studies are still needed to evaluate the possible impacts of the use of these drugs in the medium and long term in this population.

Community Pharmacists’ Knowledge, Attitude, and Practice in Providing Self-Care Recommendations for the Management of Premenstrual Syndrome

“…Another study also found that NSAIDs were among the non-prescription or OTC products most commonly used by Malaysian women to counter PMS symptoms, alongside vitamin supplements and health diets [12]. Two other studies highlighted that the drugs chiefly used for PMS were those having analgesic or anti-inflammatory effect [37,38]. There is a psychological need among women to reduce or prevent pain caused by PMS, and this often leads to self-medication [38].…”

“…Two other studies highlighted that the drugs chiefly used for PMS were those having analgesic or anti-inflammatory effect [37,38]. There is a psychological need among women to reduce or prevent pain caused by PMS, and this often leads to self-medication [38]. Overall, health supplements were less frequently used by women with PMS, as those products are not sufficiently rapid-acting to bring about quick symptomatic relief.…”