Objective: To review the literature about functional psychosis in children and adolescents, allowing pediatricians to recognize the pathology in their daily work routine.Sources of data: Classical textbooks of child and adolescent psychiatry; search of MEDLINE and Lilacs databases (1993 to 2003). Computerized search methods were combined with manual search of the literature. Summary of the findings:This article is structured in topics, trying to define and classify psychosis in childhood and adolescence, with schizophrenia being the main disorder. The article stresses the difficulties for the diagnosis in children, and addresses the main treatment guidelines.Conclusion: Schizophrenia beginning in childhood, or very-early-onset schizophrenia, is a very rare pathology, almost 50-fold less frequent than early-onset schizophrenia (appearing at age 15 or later). Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a separate disorder, different from infantile autism, not only in terms of conceptual issues, but also in terms of phenomenology, genetics and associated clinical and neurological issues.

ResumoContexto: Pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos neurais precoces da leitura. Crianças com doenças do espectro do autismo, em raras ocasiões, apresentam avançadas habilidades de leitura. Apesar de suas sérias dificuldades na expressão e recepção da linguagem, essas crianças podem identificar palavras impressas tão jovens quanto aos 18 meses de idade sem nenhuma instrução explícita. Relato de caso: Relatamos aqui um caso de uma criança de seis anos com história de autismo e que embora apresentasse dificuldades na comunicação, começou a ler aos três anos. Em seguida, discutimos algumas teorias sobre essa associação. Conclusão: Deficiências no desenvolvimento da linguagem e na comunicação são critérios definidores do autismo; já a hiperlexia, apesar de incomum, quando presente deve ser levada em conta para o diagnóstico. Seus mecanismos ainda são pouco compreendidos, mas diversos estudos feitos associados a outros que estão em andamento poderão elucidar melhor esse sintoma.Palavras-chave: Transtorno autístico, hiperlexia, leitura, comunicação, neuropsicologia. AbstractBackground: Little is known about the early neural mechanisms of the reading ability. Children with autism spectrum, in rare occasions, present advanced reading abilities. In spite of their severe difficulties in language reception and expression, those children can identify words printed as young as for the 18 months of age without any explicit instruction. Case report: We report a case of a six year-old child with history of autism who, in spite of severe difficulties in communication, began to read at the age of three. We discuss some theories supporting this association. Conclusion: Deficiencies in the development of language and communication are definition criteria for autism. Hyperlexia is uncommon, but when present should be taken into account for the diagnosis. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood and there is a limited number of studies that in addition to other studies in progress, will help to ellucidate the neurobiology of this symptom.

Aim: This study aims to evaluate the use of nonsteroidal anti-inflammatory drugs (NSAIDs) and factors associated with this practice as well as drugrelated problems and self-medication by pharmacy students of University Center Catholic of Quixadá, Ceará, Brazil. Methods: The prospective study with a quantitative approach was conducted. The participants were 96 female pharmacy students, who answered an e-mail questionnaire containing questions regarding the main NSAIDs used, pre-menstrual and menstrual use, drug-related problems and self-medication. Results: The results showed that students >39 years and in the 1st year of graduation had the lowest rates of use of NSAIDs, 33.3% (p = 0.0005) and 77.7% (p = 0.01) respectively. The most commonly drug used were dipyrone (64.5%) and paracetamol (54.1%), mainly for painful processes such as headache (68.7%) and colic (62.5%). Self-medication was 92.7% those students, and the main side effects were nausea (14.5%) and heartburn (10.4%). There was greater use of anti-inflammatories among university students in the menstrual period, in those with irregular menstrual cycle and with a flow <7 days. Conclusion: In conclusion, NSAIDs are the most frequently used drugs among students of female pharmacy colleges for algic processes such as headache, menstrual cramps, migraine and others referred to as possible hormonal changes. High self-medication was observed, which leads to frequent gastrointestinal adverse effects. Studies are still needed to evaluate the possible impacts of the use of these drugs in the medium and long term in this population.