Objective: To review the literature about functional psychosis in children and adolescents, allowing pediatricians to recognize the pathology in their daily work routine.Sources of data: Classical textbooks of child and adolescent psychiatry; search of MEDLINE and Lilacs databases (1993 to 2003). Computerized search methods were combined with manual search of the literature. Summary of the findings:This article is structured in topics, trying to define and classify psychosis in childhood and adolescence, with schizophrenia being the main disorder. The article stresses the difficulties for the diagnosis in children, and addresses the main treatment guidelines.Conclusion: Schizophrenia beginning in childhood, or very-early-onset schizophrenia, is a very rare pathology, almost 50-fold less frequent than early-onset schizophrenia (appearing at age 15 or later). Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a separate disorder, different from infantile autism, not only in terms of conceptual issues, but also in terms of phenomenology, genetics and associated clinical and neurological issues.
Schizophrenia beginning in childhood, or very-early-onset schizophrenia, is a very rare pathology, almost 50-fold less frequent than early-onset schizophrenia (appearing at age 15 or later). Childhood-onset schizophrenia is a separate disorder, different from infantile autism, not only in terms of conceptual issues, but also in terms of phenomenology, genetics and associated clinical and neurological issues.
ResumoContexto: Pouco se sabe sobre os mecanismos neurais precoces da leitura. Crianças com doenças do espectro do autismo, em raras ocasiões, apresentam avançadas habilidades de leitura. Apesar de suas sérias dificuldades na expressão e recepção da linguagem, essas crianças podem identificar palavras impressas tão jovens quanto aos 18 meses de idade sem nenhuma instrução explícita. Relato de caso: Relatamos aqui um caso de uma criança de seis anos com história de autismo e que embora apresentasse dificuldades na comunicação, começou a ler aos três anos. Em seguida, discutimos algumas teorias sobre essa associação. Conclusão: Deficiências no desenvolvimento da linguagem e na comunicação são critérios definidores do autismo; já a hiperlexia, apesar de incomum, quando presente deve ser levada em conta para o diagnóstico. Seus mecanismos ainda são pouco compreendidos, mas diversos estudos feitos associados a outros que estão em andamento poderão elucidar melhor esse sintoma.Palavras-chave: Transtorno autístico, hiperlexia, leitura, comunicação, neuropsicologia. AbstractBackground: Little is known about the early neural mechanisms of the reading ability. Children with autism spectrum, in rare occasions, present advanced reading abilities. In spite of their severe difficulties in language reception and expression, those children can identify words printed as young as for the 18 months of age without any explicit instruction. Case report: We report a case of a six year-old child with history of autism who, in spite of severe difficulties in communication, began to read at the age of three. We discuss some theories supporting this association. Conclusion: Deficiencies in the development of language and communication are definition criteria for autism. Hyperlexia is uncommon, but when present should be taken into account for the diagnosis. The underlying mechanisms are not completely understood and there is a limited number of studies that in addition to other studies in progress, will help to ellucidate the neurobiology of this symptom.
Dor é comum em todas as faixas etárias pediátricas. É provável que se manifeste também durante a vida fetal. Osinstrumentos para a avaliação da dor em pediatria, fisiológicas, comportamentais, ou de auto-relatos devem ser adaptados a fase do desenvolvimento. As condições álgicas agudas mais prevalentes são relacionadas aos traumatismos de causa externa ou interna, as cefaléias e as síndromes dolorosas músculo-esqueléticas e viscerais são mais relacionadas à dor crônica ou recidivantes.
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