Use of aspirin in the prevention of colorectal cancer through TIGIT‐CD155 pathway

Abstract

Colorectal cancer (CRC) is one of the most widespread malignant cancers, with a high incidence and mortality all over the world. Aspirin (ASA) otherwise known as acetylsalicylic acid, is a non‐steroidal anti‐inflammatory drug that has shown promising results in the prevention of chronic diseases, including several cancers. In previous studies, aspirin has been shown to reduce the incidence of CRC. Immune checkpoint blockade of T cell Ig and ITIM domain receptor (TIGIT) alone or combined with other immune checkpoint blockades moleculars has gained impressive results in the treatment of the melanoma and glioblastoma. Here, we found that TIGIT and Poliovirus receptor (PVR, CD155) are expressed in tumour cells; the TIGIT and CD155 protein expression in cancer tissue has been found to be significantly higher than that in the precancerous tissue. T cell Ig and ITIM domain receptor and CD226 were expressed in the lymphocytes near the tumour tissue and the adjacent tissues. Aspirin has been found to inhibit cancer cell viability and promote CRC cell apoptosis.Similarly, aspirin has also been found to increase pro‐apoptotic protein Bax's expression. We found that the expression of TIGIT decreased with an increase in the concentration of aspirin and that the suppression of TIGIT can affect the effect of aspirin on cell proliferation. In this paper, we found that aspirin attenuates cancer cell proliferation and induces CRC cells apoptosis by down‐regulating the expression of TIGIT, which provides new evidence for the application of aspirin in cancer treatment.

Acetylsalicylic Acid Promotes Corneal Epithelium Migration by Regulating Neutrophil Extracellular Traps in Alkali Burn

“…This is consistent with previous reports that non-steroidal anti-inflammatory drugs were effective in the treatment of inflammation in experimentally induced corneal alkali burns ( 46 – 48 ). Moreover, we found that ASA slightly inhibited the increase in AN-induced corneal epithelial cell proliferation, which is consistent with previous studies reporting that ASA inhibited proliferation and induced apoptosis in several types of human cells ( 49 , 50 ). Further in vivo studies investigating the effects of ASA and DNase I on corneal wound healing are necessary to develop new approaches for treating corneal alkali burns.…”

Repositioning liothyronine for cancer immunotherapy by blocking the interaction of immune checkpoint TIGIT/PVR

“…As is well known that T4 could be catalyzed and transformed to T3, maybe liothyronine could block the TIGIT/PVR interaction and help to enhance the efficacy of ani-PD-1. It has been reported that aspirin could inhibit tumor cell growth by reducing the expression level of TIGIT, and that emodin could elicit the anti-tumor effects through downregulating the expression of PVR [ 39 , 40 ]. Quite different from that, liothyronine could exert anti-tumor effects by TIGIT/PVR blockade.…”

T‐cell immunoglobulin and ITIM domain, as a potential immune checkpoint target for immunotherapy of colorectal cancer

“…Consistent with the previous study, immunohistochemical staining of CRC cells and adjacent tissues have shown that TIGIT and CD155 are overexpressed in cancer cells' plasma membrane; however, CD226 was not expressed in colorectal cancer tissues. Furthermore, in this study, using western blot analysis in human colorectal cancer cell line (HT‐29), the TIGIT and CD155 upregulation has been proved 126 . Considering the extensive expression of TIGIT on both immune cells and CRC cells (human and murine), we believe that TIGIT has different functions.…”