Use of Chemical Reagents in Non-fluorescent Pharmaceutical Labels:
A Comprehensive Review

Devi, Barla Karuna; Madhavi, Kuchana; Naraparaju, Swathi; Deverakonda, Rajeshwari

doi:10.2174/1573412919666230609120450

CPA

2023

DOI: 10.2174/1573412919666230609120450

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Use of Chemical Reagents in Non-fluorescent Pharmaceutical Labels: A Comprehensive Review

Barla Karuna Devi,

Kuchana Madhavi,

Swathi Naraparaju

et al.

Abstract: Spectrofluorimetry is an analytical technique with high sensitivity, specificity, and simplicity, and is very economical. Drugs that lack native fluorescence are derivatized with reagents so that highly fluorescent compounds are formed that can be readily detected by spectrofluorimetry. There are different reagents such as 4-chloro-7-nitrobenz-2-oxa-1,3-diazole (NBD-Cl), N- methylnicotinamide chloride (NMNCl), 9-flurenylmethylchloroformate (FMOC-Cl), dansylchloride (DNS-Cl), 3-methyl-2-benzothiazolinone hydraz… Show more

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2024

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Cited by 2 publications

References 125 publications

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Application of a nucleophilic substitution rection for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices

Alnemari,

Abduljabbar,

Althobaiti

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

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Ketamine is a dissociative anesthetic drug that is abused by teenagers and young adults, commonly for recreational purposes in dance clubs, to generate euphoria and dissociation, and sometimes employed as a date-rape drug. Herein, a highly sensitive, and environmentally friendly spectrofluorimetric method was developed for detection of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma samples. The technique is based on a nucleophilic substitution reaction occurring between ketamine and NBD-Cl (4-chloro-7-nitrobenzo-2-oxa-1,3-diazole), resulting in the formation of a fluorescent derivative that exhibits detectability at a remarkable level. The resultant derivative demonstrates its maximum emission intensity at 543 nm upon excitation at a wavelength of 481 nm. Upon optimizing the reaction parameters, a linear relationship was established between the fluorescence intensity of the formed derivative and the concentrations of ketamine within the specified range of 10 − 250 ng/mL. The method demonstrated exceptional sensitivity with detection and quantitation limits of 2.37 ng/mL and 7.18 ng/mL, respectively, allowing for the detection of ketamine in both pharmaceutical and plasma samples. The method was precise (%RSD < 1) accurate (% R = 99.74%) and robust (% R ± SD from 98.00 ± 1.11 to 99.97 ± 0.75). Furthermore, the developed method was compared to the reported method, with the results indicating that the suggested method is more sensitive and ecologically benign.

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Application of a nucleophilic substitution rection for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices

Alnemari,

Abduljabbar,

Althobaiti

et al. 2024

Sci Rep

View full text Add to dashboard Cite

show abstract

A Comprehensive Review of Drugs Determined by Spectrophotometry using Vanillin as a Chromogenic Reagent in the Past Decade

Naraparaju,

Barla,

Chaganti

et al. 2024

CPA

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Many analytical techniques have been used in quality control, such as spectrophotometry, spectrofluorimetry, HPLC, and other hyphenated techniques. Among them, spectrophotometry is considered to be one of the most commonly used simple techniques. Drugs that lack chromogenic groups can be readily determined by using the chromogenic reagents, which react with the functional groups present in the drugs and produce a chromogenic group that can be detected in the visible region using a spectrophotometer. Chromogenic reagents play a vital role in the estimation of such types of drugs. Vanillin is one of the chromogenic reagents that possess a carbonyl group that reacts with the drugs that possess amine moiety and results in the formation of Schiff’s base, which is a yellow-colored compound that can be detected by spectrophotometry. The present review gives insights into the reaction conditions and applications of the drugs that are estimated by using vanillin as a chromogenic label.

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Use of Chemical Reagents in Non-fluorescent Pharmaceutical Labels: A Comprehensive Review

Cited by 2 publications

References 125 publications

Application of a nucleophilic substitution rection for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices

Application of a nucleophilic substitution rection for spectrofluorimetric quantification of ketamine in pharmaceutical and plasma matrices

A Comprehensive Review of Drugs Determined by Spectrophotometry using Vanillin as a Chromogenic Reagent in the Past Decade

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