Use of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis in diets to increase the digestive enzymes activity and nutrient digestibility of silver pompano Trachinotus blochii (Lacepede, 1801)

Abstract

Background: Feather has the potential to be used as a fish feed ingredient because it has high protein content (80-85%), and is rich in amino acids arginine, leucine, isoleucine and valine. However, the protein consists mainly of keratin, which is classified as fiber that is difficult to digest. Therefore, to improve digestibility, the keratin protein is degraded using microbial Bacillus subtilis. This study aimed to determine the digestibility of fermented feather meal (FFM) in silver pompano (Trachinotus blochii) diets and to observe the histological structure of their intestines after digestion. Methods: The method used was a one factor experiment with five treatments and three replications each, which were: diet without FFM, diet containing 10% FFM, 20%, 30% and 40%. The diets were given to juvenile silver pompano (with average body weight of 8.56 ± 0.18 g) and stocked in 15 similar 20-L plastic jars with 10 fish per jar in a density of 100 L capacity container. The experimental diets were given three times daily at approximately 8.00 AM, 12.00 PM and 5.00 PM to apparent satiation for 60 days. Results: The results showed that the use of FFM increased the activity of digestive enzymes (protease and lipase), but reduced the amylase activity of silver pompano, which was significantly different between treatments (P <0.05). Meanwhile, the diet containing 20% FFM produced the highest feed and protein, which are 37.05% and 67.24%, respectively. This was significantly different from other treatments (P <0.05), and was effectively absorbed by fish intestines. Conclusion: The addition of chicken feather meal fermented with Bacillus subtilis could increase the activity of protease and lipase enzymes and nutrient digestibility of silver pompano but not amylase activity.

Potential of Single Cell Protein Production Using Waste as Growth Medium

“…Because the growth of bacteria is strongly supported by environmental factors and nutrients they have. [14]…”

Chicken by‐product meal as a replacement to fish meal in juvenile abalone (Haliotis discus hannai Ino 1952) feed

“…However, Ha et al (2021) explained that FM up to 50% could be successfully replaced with the same CBM used in this study in olive flounder feed without supplementation of essential AA including arginine, lysine, and methionine that are likely to be lack or deficient in CBM in diets substituting FM with CBM fulfilled their dietary requirements for olive flounder. Furthermore, the digestibility of protein in CBM including viscera, feather, and plasma is relatively low over FM (Adelina et al, 2021; Giri et al, 2000; Li et al, 2019), which could also account for the inferior growth performance of abalone fed CBM100 diet compared to abalone fed CBM0 diet. Unlike these studies, however, Tabinda and Butt (2012) found that FM could be totally (100%) replaced with chicken intestine by‐product in a 30% FM‐based diet without compromising the growth performance of grass carp ( Ctenopharyngodon idella ) fry.…”

Effects of Solid-State Fermented (SSF) Pelleted Feed with Lactobacillus plantarum on Tachysurus fulvidraco: Growth, Digestion, Antioxidant, Immunity, Intestinal Morphology, and Microbiota

“…Currently, SSF of a specific feed ingredient has become a new means to develop new feed sources and reduce the usage of fishmeal in feed. Relative research focuses on fermented soybean meal [14], cottonseed meal [15], and feather meal [16]. During the fermentation process, microorganisms can break down complex nutrients such as starch and fiber, which are difficult for aquatic animals to digest and absorb, into easily digestible molecules [17,18].…”