Use of controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) devices to control reproduction in goats: A review

Abstract

High reproductive rates are necessary in order to increase the productivity of goat operations. Progesterone and its analogues are widely used in other species to control the reproductive system to facilitate synchronized births, induce fertile estrus or to facilitate the use of assisted reproductive techniques with the goal of increasing productivity of livestock. Progesterone impregnated controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) devices are approved for delivery of the natural hormone progesterone to synchronize and induce fertile estrus in sheep. A few studies have reported a high estrous response and pregnancy rates when CIDRs are used to induce estrus in goats. However, significant variation exists in the duration of treatment (5-16 days) and in the use of exogenous gonadotropins as part of the treatment protocol. As gonadotropins are not currently approved for commercial use in small ruminants in the USA, studies are needed to determine the necessity for exogenous gonadotropins and whether they can be replaced by enhancing endogenous secretion through photoperiodic manipulation of the doe and \ or increase stimulation through the 'buck-effect'. Future studies must not only evaluate efficacy, but should consider the economic feasibility of using CIDRs in commercial production systems.

The kisspeptin analog C6 is a possible alternative to PMSG (pregnant mare serum gonadotropin) for triggering synchronized and fertile ovulations in the Alpine goat

“…A precise comparison is therefore difficult but an overview would be useful to frame the results we obtained with C6 and PMSG into a more general perspective. During the breeding season CIDR treatments of variable duration (5–16 days) followed by PMSG injection (dose ranging from 100 to 300 IU) resulted in kidding or pregnancy rate of 47% in Boer breed, 63% in Nubian breed, and 50% to 93% in Saanen breed [25–27]. Using pessary containing FA, PGFα2 plus PMSG treatment, followed by AI, a 58% pregnancy rate was obtained in the Bulgarian White milk goat during the breeding season [28].…”

Induction and synchronization of oestrus in sheep and goats

“…In reference to small ruminants, intravaginal sponges impregnated with synthetic progesterone analogues are widely used. These are more active in comparison with natural hormones in low doses (Gungor et al, 2007;Erohin, 2011;Khanthusaeng et al, 2013;Grymak, 2014;Zarazaga et al, 2014;Erohin and Pridanova, 2015;Knights and Singh-Knights, 2016;Omontese et al, 2016;Erarslan and Karaca, 2017;Budevich et al, 2018;Chaudhary et al, 2018;Dogruer et al, 2019;Biehl et al, 2019;Sun et al, 2019).…”

Reproduction in Goats

“…In goats, estrous synchronization protocols are currently based on the use of vaginal devices (sponges) impregnated with 20-40 mg of fluorogestone acetate or 50-60 mg of medroxyprogesterone. In the 1980s, controlled internal drug releasing (CIDR) began to be used, which is an inert silicone elastomer containing 0.3 g of natural progesterone (P4) [16]. These devices are inserted intravaginally for a period of 5-14 days (see Figure 2) to create a luteal phase and then accompany it with a luteolytic agent, as well as the application of a hormone that synchronizes ovulation (equine chorionic gonadotropin (eCG), estradiol benzoate (EB), gonadotropin-releasing hormone (GnRH)), which have been applied at the time, 24 and 36 hours to remove the device, respectively [17,18].…”