Use of Drones for Surveillance and Reconnaissance of Military Areas

Paucar, Carlos; Morales, Lilia; Pinto, Katherine; Sanchez, M.M.A.; Rodríguez, Rosalba; Gutiérrez, Marisol; Palacios, Luis

doi:10.1007/978-3-319-78605-6_10

Cited by 27 publications

(11 citation statements)

References 3 publications

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“…UAVs play an integral role in military services. Most countries have added UAVs to their defense strategic plans to be used for enemy detection, border control, and maritime monitoring of critical sea lanes [35].…”

Section: ) Military Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

GPS Spoofing Attacks in FANETs: A Systematic Literature Review

Altaweel,

Mukkath,

Kamel

2023

IEEE Access

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Flying Ad-Hoc Networks (FANETs) are groups of UAVs connected in an Ad-Hoc manner to accomplish a common mission. The widespread acceptance of UAVs due to their low cost and high efficiency has attracted malicious security attacks against them. These attacks cannot be easily prevented due to UAVs' limited computational power, short battery life, and inability to execute complex algorithms. FANETs rely on the Global Positioning System (GPS) for localization. GPS Spoofing, an easy-to-launch attack, is one of the main challenges in FANETs. In which, the legitimate and not-encrypted civilian GPS signals are overridden by counterfeit signals to deceive the UAVs to collide or to be hijacked. Researchers proposed various countermeasures to address GPS Spoofing attacks in FANETs. To further assist future research, this paper provides a systematic literature review on GPS Spoofing attacks in FANETs and their defense mechanisms. After formulating eight research questions and applying well-defined inclusion/exclusion criteria and quality assessment tools, 70 research articles were extracted. The existing defense mechanisms were classified based on their objectives (i.e., detection, mitigation, and/or prevention) and according to their basis (i.e., relying on readings from various drones' devices/sensors, processing the signals received by various sensors, employing machine learning algorithms, relying on game theory, or leveraging cryptographic techniques to authenticate and protect the confidentiality of GPS signals). The defense mechanisms were also analyzed to identify the attacker models, impacts of the attack, and detection performance. This study found that most of the proposed methods are detection approaches, rather than mitigation or prevention. Also, almost all papers used simulation experiments rather than a proof-of-concept implementation, which does not demonstrate a convincing performance under realistic mobility and propagation models. Moreover, most solutions addressed GPS Spoofing for a single UAV. Only eight articles addressed multiple UAV scenarios and none of them provided a proof-of-concept evaluation. INDEX TERMSDrones, unmanned ariel vehicle (UAV), Flying Ad-Hoc NETwork (FANET), GPS spoofing attack, wireless network security, systematic literature review. * Spoofing tools such as simulators, repeaters, etc. * Spoofing techniques such as position denial and track break. * Spoofer location such as remote, onboard, and escort. --Defense mechanisms against GPS Spoofing: the research articles that discuss various mechanisms to defend against GPS Spoofing attacks in UAVs. These articles are further classified based on their objectives as follows: * Detection of GPS Spoofing attacks. * Mitigation the damage caused by GPS Spoofing attacks. * Prevention of GPS Spoofing. The defense mechanisms are also classified according to their basis as follows: * The use of devices/sensors on the drones. * Signal processing techniques applied on various signals received by various sensors on the drone. * Cryptographic techn...

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Section: ) Military Servicesmentioning

confidence: 99%

GPS Spoofing Attacks in FANETs: A Systematic Literature Review

Altaweel,

Mukkath,

Kamel

2023

IEEE Access

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“…Issues around aerial reconnaissance have been discussed in many scientific publications. Paucar et al [9] deal with the use of UAVs for surveillance and reconnaissance operations in military areas and analyse the benefits of their model in the Ecuadorian Armed Forces. Chen et al [10] consider a reconnaissance task assignment problem for multiple UAVs with different sensor capacities; the authors propose a modified multi-objective symbiotic organisms search (MOSOS) algorithm to solve the problem.…”

Section: Literature Reviewmentioning

confidence: 99%

Trajectory Optimization in a Cooperative Aerial Reconnaissance Model

Stodola

Drozd

Nohel

et al. 2019

Sensors

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In recent years, the use of modern technology in military operations has become standard practice. Unmanned systems play an important role in operations such as reconnaissance and surveillance. This article examines a model for planning aerial reconnaissance using a fleet of mutually cooperating unmanned aerial vehicles to increase the effectiveness of the task. The model deploys a number of waypoints such that, when every waypoint is visited by any vehicle in the fleet, the area of interest is fully explored. The deployment of waypoints must meet the conditions arising from the technical parameters of the sensory systems used and tactical requirements of the task at hand. This paper proposes an improvement of the model by optimizing the number and position of waypoints deployed in the area of interest, the effect of which is to improve the trajectories of individual unmanned systems, and thus increase the efficiency of the operation. To achieve this optimization, a modified simulated annealing algorithm is proposed. The improvement of the model is verified by several experiments. Two sets of benchmark problems were designed: (a) benchmark problems for verifying the proposed algorithm for optimizing waypoints, and (b) benchmark problems based on typical reconnaissance scenarios in the real environment to prove the increased effectiveness of the reconnaissance operation. Moreover, an experiment in the SteelBeast simulation system was also conducted.

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“…Chaotic oscillators have also found applications in the field of robotics, especially for solving decision-making tasks of autonomous mobile robots [15]. Such robots, capable of performing various tasks without human control, are widely used in missions performed in hazardous conditions, such as rescue operations [16], fire extinguishing [17], and reconnaissance for explosives or surveillance [18]; household tasks [19]; as mechanical manipulators [20]; and for other tasks.…”

Section: Introductionmentioning

confidence: 99%

Chaotic Path-Planning Algorithm Based on Courbage–Nekorkin Artificial Neuron Model

Kvitko,

Rybin,

Bayazitov

et al. 2024

Mathematics

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Developing efficient path-planning algorithms is an essential topic in modern robotics and control theory. Autonomous rovers and wheeled and tracked robots require path generators that can efficiently cover the explorable space with minimal redundancy. In this paper, we present a new path-planning algorithm based on the chaotic behavior of the Courbage–Nekorkin neuron model with a coverage control parameter. Our study aims to reduce the number of iterations required to cover the chosen investigated area, which is a typical efficiency criterion for this class of algorithms. To achieve this goal, we implemented a pseudorandom bit generator (PRBG) based on a Courbage–Nekorkin chaotic map, which demonstrates chaotic behavior and successfully passes all statistical tests for randomness. The proposed PRBG generates a bit sequence that can be used to move the tracked robot in four or eight directions in an operation area of arbitrary size. Several statistical metrics were applied to evaluate the algorithm’s performance, including the percentage of coverage of the study area and the uniformity of coverage. The performance of several competing path-planning algorithms was analyzed using the chosen metrics when exploring two test areas of the sizes 50 × 50 cells and 100 × 100 cells, respectively, in four and eight directions. The experimental results indicate that the proposed algorithm is superior compared to known chaotic path-planning methods, providing more rapid and uniform coverage with the possibility of controlling the covered area using tunable parameters. In addition, this study revealed the high dependence of the coverage rate on the starting point. To investigate how the coverage rate depends on the choice of chaotic map, we implemented six different PRBGs using various chaotic maps. The obtained results can be efficiently used for solving path-planning tasks in both real-life and virtual (e.g., video games) applications.

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Use of Drones for Surveillance and Reconnaissance of Military Areas

Cited by 27 publications

References 3 publications

GPS Spoofing Attacks in FANETs: A Systematic Literature Review

GPS Spoofing Attacks in FANETs: A Systematic Literature Review

Trajectory Optimization in a Cooperative Aerial Reconnaissance Model

Chaotic Path-Planning Algorithm Based on Courbage–Nekorkin Artificial Neuron Model

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