Use of electron microprobe analysis to explain metallurgical phenomena and their effect on properties when welding stainless steel

Westin, Elin M.; Grönlund, Kaj; Runnsjö, Gunilla; Cross, C. E.

doi:10.1007/s40194-017-0522-1

Cited by 5 publications

(4 citation statements)

References 18 publications

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“…When attached to the surface of the oxide film, it is capable to induce a strong electric field on the membrane, which is sufficient to cause ion exchange between the metal cation and Cl − for the generation of soluble chloride, resulting in the occurrence of pitting. Meanwhile, the pitting resistance can be calculated using the following empirical formula [ 27 ] :

PRE = Cr + 3.3 \times Mo + 16 \times N (wt %),

where the PRE values of the three remelted layers are 23(Mo 0 ), 85(Mo 0.5 ), and 118.3(Mo 1 ), respectively. Therefore, it can be judged that the pitting resistance of Mo‐containing coatings is considerably higher than that of Mo‐free alloy's remelted layer.…”

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMo_x high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

Hu¹,

Liu²,

Li³

2020

Materials & Corrosion

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In this study, an Nd:YAG laser was used to carry out laser surface remelting treatment on FeCrNiMnMo x (x = 0, 0.5, 1) alloys. A study was conducted on the potential impact of Mo on the microstructure and corrosion resistance of the laser-remelted layer. According to the research results, FeCrNiMnMo x alloys were more effective in refining the dendrites, compared with the matrix, whereas the FeCrNiMn alloys' remelted layer exhibited an almost single face-centered cubic (FCC) structure. In comparison, FeCrNiMnMo 0.5 and FeCrNiMnMo 1 alloys' remelted layer displayed the FCC and σ phase. In addition, the dendrite crystals' microstructure can be clearly refined by Mo alloying. Mo is effective in improving the corrosion resistance of the FeCrNiMnMo x alloys' remelted layer in 3.5% NaCl solution. The pitting resistance of Mo-containing-remelted layers is significantly higher, compared with Mo-free alloy's remelted layer, and the FeCrNiMnMo 0.5remelted layer shows the most satisfactory corrosion resistance. As revealed by X-ray photoelectron spectroscopy analyses, the addition of molybdenum promotes the generation of Cr 2 O 3 and enhances the corrosion resistance of the remelted layer.

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PRE = Cr + 3.3 \times Mo + 16 \times N (wt %),

Section: Resultsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMo_x high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

Hu¹,

Liu²,

Li³

2020

Materials & Corrosion

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“…While the weld metal was strongly affected by nitrogen additions to the shielding gas and slightly by the heat input, the HT-HAZ of the travelling arc welds remained fairly unaffected for the arc energies 0.4-1.2 kJ/mm used in this work. Nitrogen content measured with EPMA on cross-sections of stationary arc welds [97] Figure 7 Overview of travelling arc welds performed with four different shielding gases and two different arc energies (two scales)…”

Section: Discussionmentioning

confidence: 99%

“…The shortest stationary welding times (0.5, 1.0 and 2.5 s) resulted in welds that were somewhat too small to machine for Leco analysis. The weld metal nitrogen of stationary arc welds was, for this reason, additionally measured using electron probe microanalysis (EPMA) (ARL-SEMQ, DELL GX1-500, Corr-Control, Avesta, Sweden) [96,97]. As comparison, samples of travelling arc welds were also examined.…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

Evaluation of methods for simulation of heat-affected zones in duplex stainless steels

WESTIN,

WESTERBERG

2023

Preprint

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The weldability of duplex stainless steels partly depends on the ferritization of the high temperature heat-affected zone (HT-HAZ). This area is rather narrow, and it can be challenging to visualize and determine its actual impact on the properties. To address this, various methods were applied to study the grain growth and austenite reformation in the HT-HAZ of the lean duplex grade UNS S32101. Thermo-mechanical Gleeble® simulations were conducted at 1360°C with different holding times and cooling rates. Subsequently, the grain size and ferrite content were measured on polished and etched cross-sections. Bead-on-plate welds were performed on the same heat of 6 mm plate thickness using the gas tungsten arc welding (GTAW) process. The shielding gas was Ar + 0–8% N2 to illustrate which effect nitrogen additions would have on the HT-HAZ morphology. The arc was either stationary, welding at one spot for 0.5–120 s, or travelling at different speeds to generate varying heat inputs. The thermo-mechanical simulations came closest to the results obtained by travelling arc welding and allowed for a more comprehensive investigation. Stationary arc welding was not suitable for HT-HAZ studies as it quickly caused nitrogen depletion and resulted in significantly higher ferrite contents compared to the travelling arc welds.

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“…The instrument has been extensively modified for specialization in rapid quantitative mapping of chemical composition over large regions. 20 The probe operates at an acceleration voltage of 25 kV and a sample current of 6 lA. Quantitative measurement of the concentration of six elements is achieved using six wavelength-dispersive spectrometers (WDS).…”

Section: Methodsmentioning

confidence: 99%

The Distribution of Carbon in Austenite Studied on a Water-Quenched Compacted Graphite Iron Using Electron Probe Microanalysis

Domeij

Diószegi

2020

Inter Metalcast

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Spheroidal graphite is the defining microstructural feature of ductile iron and also plays an important role in compacted graphite iron. It is widely accepted that graphite spheroids are engulfed by austenite at an early stage of solidification after which their growth is impeded by the slow diffusion of carbon through a layer of austenite. In this work, a compacted graphite iron-containing spheroidal graphite was studied after interruption of its solidification by water quenching. Selected areas of a cross section of the castings were investigated using quantitative electron probe microanalysis, with emphasis on the distribution of carbon in austenite. The measured carbon concentration near graphite was generally below the theoretical carbon concentration in austenite at equilibrium with graphite at 1140°C. Numerical simulations of diffusion of carbon in austenite around spheroidal graphite suggest that a zone of austenite around graphite was likely depleted of carbon during quenching, possibly explaining the low measured concentrations. The measured carbon concentration near graphite varied by as much as 0.3 wt%, with the lowest concentrations consistently found in the central region of compacted graphite-austenite eutectic cells. Regardless of whether these differences were present prior to quenching or are consequences thereof, they seem to reflect either departures from, or displacements of, the carbon concentration in austenite at equilibrium with graphite. This indicates that there is something about growth of graphite embedded in austenite which is not well understood. Concentrations of Si, Mn and Cu are near equal in the compared regions and do not explain the observed differences in carbon content near graphite.

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Use of electron microprobe analysis to explain metallurgical phenomena and their effect on properties when welding stainless steel

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMo_x high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMo_x high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

Evaluation of methods for simulation of heat-affected zones in duplex stainless steels

The Distribution of Carbon in Austenite Studied on a Water-Quenched Compacted Graphite Iron Using Electron Probe Microanalysis

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Use of electron microprobe analysis to explain metallurgical phenomena and their effect on properties when welding stainless steel

Cited by 5 publications

References 18 publications

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMox high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMox high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

Evaluation of methods for simulation of heat-affected zones in duplex stainless steels

The Distribution of Carbon in Austenite Studied on a Water-Quenched Compacted Graphite Iron Using Electron Probe Microanalysis

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Product

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Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMo_x high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting

Microstructure and corrosion behavior of FeCrNiMnMo_x high‐entropy alloys fabricated by the laser surface remelting