Use of elemental metals in different grade of activation for phthalocyanine preparation

Use of Zeolites for Phthalocyanine Synthesis at Low Temperature

“…Comparing the obtained data with our previous results with use of elemental metals in different grade of activation, 1 it becomes clear that use of Raney nickel or more active pyrophoric nickel is more effective for phthalonitrile cyclisation and the yields are considerably higher. However, the zeolites also have a certain activity in these conditions and are undoubtedly useful at low temperature for phthalonitrile cyclisation forming a metal-free product.…”

“…Various routes can yield classic metal-free phthalocyanine (PcH 2 ) or metal phthalocyaninates (PcM) at low temperature (0-40°C) from phthalonitrile as a precursor. For example, use of elemental metals in different grade of activation, 1,2 direct electrochemical procedure with use of sacrificial metal anodes or metal salts, 3,4 use of solid strong bases, 5 and by UVirradiation of the reaction system. 6 A recent article 2 should be especially emphasised, in which softest conditions for Pc obtaining were offered using a series of primary alcohols and elemental metals at room temperature.…”

Preparation and Characterization of Cu and Ni on Alumina Supports and Their Use in the Synthesis of Low-Temperature Metal-Phthalocyanine Using a Parallel-Plate Reactor

“…Different synthetic routes for producing metal-free phthalocyanine (H 2 Pc) or metal phthalocyaninates (MPc) at low temperatures (20–50 °C), from phthalonitrile, have been reported, including a direct electrochemical procedure that uses sacrificial metallic anodes or metal salts [ 1 , 2 ]; the use of solid strong bases [ 3 ]; UV irradiation of the reaction system [ 4 , 5 ]; and the use of elemental metals [ 6 , 7 , 8 ]. At low temperatures, an additional “impulse” is needed for the cyclization process, the surface energy of a strong base (solid CH 3 ONa) [ 3 ], the extra energy of defects at the surface of elemental metals [ 7 ] or zeoles [ 9 ] could serve as an impulse to reach the energy barrier. Thus, any source of additional energy could improve the success of the synthesis at low temperatures.…”

Facile, Mild-Temperature Synthesis of Metal-Free Phthalocyanines

“…Compared with the existing methods to synthesize Pc compounds at low temperature, [19][20][21][22][23] the distinguishing feature of this approach is the simplicity of the reaction system, which is composed of economically available small molecule alcohols and amines. The key is the coexistence of equivalent amounts of alcohols and amines, which can effectively provide hydroxy groups and lone nitrogen electron pairs.…”

“…Various routes have been explored to synthesize Pc derivatives from phthalonitriles at low temperature; these include employing activated elemental metals, 20 electrochemical procedures with sacrificial metal anodes or metal salts, 21 solid strong bases, 22 and UV irradiation. 23 These strategies, differ from the classical approaches that rely on high temperature, 17,18 and provide alternative ways to prepare Pc compounds at low temperature.…”